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Sclerotherapy for emergency variceal hemorrhage

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Abstract

This report emphasizes the importance of emergency endoscopy in the diagnosis of suspected variceal hemorrhage and reviews the role of sclerotherapy at the time of the initial diagnostic endoscopy. With actively bleeding varices, initial control with vasopressin and/or balloon tube tamponade is preferred. Sclerotherapy has been successfully performed by injecting sclerosants intravariceally, paravariceally, or by a combined technique. The best sclerosant to use and the ideal timing of emergency sclerotherapy is as yet unresolved. Successful results have been achieved in Cape Town with intravariceal injections using the rigid endoscope under general anesthesia and recently with a combined technique using a flexible endoscope without an anesthetic. The rare failures of sclerotherapy should be identified early and treated surgically. Injection sclerotherapy is currently the best management for patients who present with proven continued active variceal bleeding. More extensive procedures are unjustified in patients in whom a simple measure such as sclerotherapy is effective in controlling acute variceal bleeding.

Résumé

Ce rapport souligne l'importance de l'endoscopie d'urgence pour porter le diagnostic d'hémorragie par rupture de varices et d'apprécier le rôle de la sclérothérapie au moment même où est pratiquée l'endoscopie exploratrice. Cependant, lorsque le malade saigne, le contrôle immédiat de l'hémorragie relève de préférence de l'emploi de la vasopressine et/ou du tamponnement par sonde.

La sclérothérapie a été pratiquée avec succès en injectant l'agent sclérosant dans les varices ou à leur contact, ou en employant les deux procédés. Le choix du meilleur agent sclérosant et la determination du moment opportun de la sclérothérapie d'urgence ne sont pas encore résolus. Les résultats satisfaisants obtenus à Cape Town en employant l'endoscope rigide sous anesthésie générale ou plus récemment l'endoscope souple sans anesthésie générale sont á retenir. Les rares échecs de la sclérothérapie doivent être reconnus sans retard et entraîner le recours au traitement chirurgical. L'injection sclérosante représente actuellement la meilleure méthode de traitement des hémorragies persistantes par rupture de varices. Les méthodes plus agressives ne sont plus justifiées.

Resumen

Publicaciones actuales proveen abrumadora evidencia en favor de escleroterapia por inyección como la modalidad de terapia de emergencia más simple y efectiva para pacientes con hemorragia por varices esofágicas, comprobadas por endoscopia, que persiste o que recurre en el curso del manejo médico convencional. Este informe enfatiza la importancia de la endoscopia de emergencia en el diagnóstico de posible hemorragia varicosa y revisa el rol de la escleroterapia en el momento de la endoscopia diagnóstica inicial. En presencia de várices que sangran activamente se prefiere el control inicial con vasopresina y/o taponamiento con balón. La escleroterapia ha sido exitosamente realizada mediante la técnica de la inyección intravaricosa o paravaricosa de agentes esclerosantes, o mediante la técnica combinada. Todavía está por definir cual es el mejor esclerosante y cual es el momento ideal para la escleroterapia de emergencia. El autor prefiere el oleato de etanolamina, en tanto que en los Estados Unidos se usa principalmente el morruato de sodio.

En Ciudad del Cabo se han logrado resultados exitosos con inyecciones intravaricosas usando el endoscopio rígido bajo anestesia general, pero más recientemente con la técnica combinada de inyección intravaricosa y paravaricosa que utiliza un endoscopio flexible sin anestesia. Las escasas fallas de la escleroterapia deben ser precozmente identificadas y tratadas con cirugía. En el pasado nosotros recomendamos procedimientos de devascularización para estos pacientes; actualmente preferimos un “shunt” portacava de emergencia. La escleroterapia por inyección es el mejor método de manejo en pacientes que presentan sangrado varicoso activo y continuado. No se justifican procedimientos mayores cuando una medida tan simple, la escleroterapia, es efectiva en el control de la hemorragia varicosa aguda.

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Supported by grants from the South African Medical Research Council, and the Staff Research Fund of the University of Cape Town.

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Terblanche, J. Sclerotherapy for emergency variceal hemorrhage. World J. Surg. 8, 653–659 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655759

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