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The value of the clonidine-suppression test in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma

  • International Association of Endocrine Surgeons-Manuscripts Presented at the 31st Congress of the International Socity of Surgery
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Abstract

We assessed the clinical value of a clonidine-suppression test in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Three different groups were investigated: group I, 10 patients with operatively verified catecholamine-secreting tumors (1 extra adrenal paraganglioma); group II, 34 patients with “neurogenic” hypertension; and group III, 14 normotensive, healthy subjects.

Clonidine, 300μg given orally at time zero, significantly reduced mean systolic/diastolic blood pressure (MBP) in all 3 groups: group I, maximum MBP fall -19/0 mm Hg; group II, -43/21 mm Hg; and group III, -25/9 mm Hg, respectively. The maximal MBP fall was seen between 2 and 3 hours after administration of clonidine. Mean plasma concentrations of noradrenaline/norepinephrine (NA) decreased in groups II and III, in group II from 2.6±0.3 to 0.7±0.05 nmol/l (p<0.001), and in group III from 1.3±0.2 to 0.6±0.06 nmol/l, respectively. Plasma concentrations of adrenaline/epinephrine (A) were low < 0.2 nmol/l and remained unchanged during the test. In contrast, in patients with pheochromocytoma (group I), NA and A mean plasma concentrations were high before clonidine, 7.7±2.2 nmol/l for NA and 4.0±1.7 nmol for A, and remained high or somewhat elevated during the 3 hours of observation. No patient showed a decrease in plasma catecholamines during the test.

After successful operation for the catecholamine-secreting tumors, all 10 patients achieved normal BP (mean 135/83 mm Hg supine) and had normal basal plasma catecholamine concentrations (NA 2.8± 0.5 nmol/l, A<0.2 nmol/l) with normal suppression of NA after clonidine to 1.1± 0.2 nmol/l (p<0.01 compared with basal values). We conclude that the clonidine-suppression test is a safe and simple diagnostic method for verification or exclusion of pheochromocytomas, especially in patients with normal resting (baseline) catecholamine levels (4 patients in the present study). No significant or clinically relevant side effects were noted during the test apart from some sedation and dry mouth.

Résumé

Les auteurs étudient la valeur clinique du test de suppression à la clonidine dans le diagnostic du phéochromocytome. Les patients sont répartis en 3 groups: groupe I de 10 sujets ayant une tumeur catécholamine-sécrétante (dont un paragangliome extrasurrénalien), groupe II de 34 sujets ayant une hypertension “neurogène,” et groupe III de 14 sujets sains normotensifs. Trois centμg de clonidine administrée oralement au temps o réduisent significativement la moyenne des pressions artérielles systolodiastoliques (MBP) dans les 3 groupes: groupe I, chute maximale de MBP de -19/0 mm Hg; groupe II, -43/21 mm Hg; groupe III, -25/9 mmHg, respectivement. La chute maximale de pression artérielle est constatée 2 à 3 heures après la prise de clonidine. Les concentrations plasmatiques moyennes de noradrénaline (NA) diminuent dans les groupes II et III: dans le groupe II: de 2.6±0.3 à 0.7±0.05 nmol/l (p<0.001) et dans le groupe III: de 1.3±0.2 à 0.6±0.06 nmol/l, respectivement. Les concentrations plasmatiques d'adrénaline (A) sont basses (p<0.01) et restent inchangées durant le test. En revanche chez les patients atteints de phéochromocytome (groupe I) la noradrénalinémie et l'adrénalinémie moyenne sont élevées avant la prise de clonidine (NA=7.7±2.2 nmol/l et A=4.0 ±1.7 nmol/l) et restent hautes ou s'élèvent un peu durant les 3 heures du test. Aucune diminution des catécholamines plasmatiques n'est observée au cours du test dans ce groupe.

Chez ces 10 patients, après exérèse chirurgicale totale des tumeurs catécholamines-sécrétantes, la pression artérielle redevient normale (en moyenne 135/83 mm Hg en décubitus) ainsi que les concentrations plasmatiques de catécholamines (NA=2.8 ±0.5 nmol/l, A=<0.2 nmol/l), avec réponse normale de la noradrénalinémie au test de suppression à la clonidine, le taux s'abaissant à 1.1± 0.2 nmol/l (p<0.01 cf valeurs de base). Les auteurs concluent que le test de suppression à la clonidine est une méthode d'exploration simple et sûr pour la confirmation ou l'exclusion du diagnostic de phéochromocytome en particulier chez les patients ayant un taux plasmatique de repos (basai) de CA normal (4 sujets dans cette série). Aucun effet secondaire clinique significatif n'a été observé au cours du test en dehors d'une légère sédation et d'une sécheresse buccale.

Resumen

Hemos valorado la utilidad clínica de una prueba de supresión con clonidina en el diagnosis de feocromocitoma. Tres grupos diferentes fueron investigados: grupo I, 10 pacientes con tumores secretores de catecolaminas verificados durante la operación (1 paraganglioma extraadrenal), grupo II, 34 pacientes con hipertensión “neurogénica,” y grupo III, 14 individuos sanos y normotensos. Trescientos μg de clonidina administrados por vía oral a la hora cero disminuyeron en forma significativa la presión arterial sistólica/diastólica (PAM) en la totalidad de los 3 grupos; grupo I, máximo descenso de PAM — 19/0 mm Hg; grupo II,-43/21 mm Hg; y grupo III, - 25/9 mm Hg. El máximo descenso de la PAM fue observado entre 2 y 3 horas después de la clonidina. La concentración media de la noradrenalina plasmática (NA) disminuyó en los grupos II y III; en el grupo II de 2.6± 0.3 a 0.7± 0.05 nmol/l (p<0.001), y en el grupo III de 1.3± 0.2 a 0.6± 0.06 nmol/l. Las concentraciones plasmáticas de adrenalina (A) aparecieron bajas (p<0.01) y permanecieron sin alteración en el curso de la prueba. En contraste, en los pacientes con feocromocitoma (grupo I) las concentraciones plasmáticas medias de NA y de A aparecieron elevadas antes de la clonidina, 7.7± 2.2 nmol/l para NA y 4.0± 1.7 nmol para A, y permanecieron altas o algo elevadas en el curso de las 3 horas de observación. Ningún paciente mostró disminución de las catecolaminas plasmáticas en el curso de la prueba.

Después de realizada exitosamente la extirpación de los tumores secretores de catecolaminas, la totalidad de los 10 pacientes mostraron presión arterial normal (135/83 mm Hg media en posición supina) y exhibieron concentraciones plasmáticas basales normales de catecolaminas (NA 2.8± 0.5 nmol/l, A<0.2 nmol/l) con supresión normal de NA después de la clonidina (a 1.1± 0.2 nmol/l,(p< 0.01 de niveles basales). Hemos llegado a la conclusión de que la prueba de supresión con clonidina es un método de diagnosis simple y seguro para la verificación o la exclusión del diagnóstico de feocromocitoma, especialmente en pacientes con niveles basales normales en reposo de NA y A (4 pacientes en el presente estudio). No se observaron efectos colaterales importantes durante la prueba, diferentes de algo de sedación y de sequedad de la boca.

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Karlberg, B.E., Hedman, L., Lennquist, S. et al. The value of the clonidine-suppression test in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. World J. Surg. 10, 753–760 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655230

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