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Lumpectomy and axillary dissection for breast cancer: Surgical, pathological, and radiation considerations

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Abstract

Recently, the first results were disclosed from a trial carried out by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) to evaluate the efficacy of breast conservation. These observations indicate that lumpectomy and axillary dissection plus radiation can be employed instead of total mastectomy for the treatment of a large proportion of women with primary breast cancer. The present report describes the technique of operation (lumpectomy), how the pathological examination of the resected specimen is carried out, and the manner in which radiation therapy is administered to the operated breast. The methodologies are those utilized in more than 1,200 women who for almost a decade have been participants in the NSABP study. It is emphasized that the outcome of patients exposed to breast preservation relates to the expertise of the surgeon, pathologist, and radiation and medical oncologists. The orchestration of care that will result in a satisfactory cosmesis and control of disease in the breast is more complex than is necessary for carrying out a mastectomy. Above all it is emphasized that, although the Halstedian concept for cancer surgery has been displaced, that change does not provide the imprimatur for haphazard surgery.

Résumé

Récemment les résultats d'un essai conduit par la NSABP (National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project) pour évaleur la valeur de la conservation du sein ont été publiés. Ils indiquent que la tumorectomie complétée par le curage axillaire et l'irradiation peut être employée au lieu de la mastectomie chez un grand nombre de femmes atteintes de cancer primitif du sein. Cet article décrit la technique de la tumorectomie, de l'examen histologique du spécimen et de l'irradiation du sein porteur de la tumeur, la méthodologie suivie concernant 1200 femmes qui ont fait l'objet de l'étude. Il souligne le fait que l'évolution chez les malades ainsi traitées est fonction de la valeur du chirurgien, de l'anatomo-pathologiste, du radiothérapeute et de l'oncologiste. L'ordonnancement du traitement qui aboutit à la fois à un résultat esthétique satisfaisant et à la cure de l'affection mammaire est plus complexe que celui de la mastectomie. L'article souligne ainsi le fait que la modification du traitement classique du cancer du sein répondant à la conception de Halsted ne confère pas l'imprimatur à une chirurgie qui comporte des risques.

Resumen

Recientemente fueron comunicados los primeros resultados del estudio realizado por el National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) destinado a evaluar la eficacia de los procedimientos de conservación del seno. Tales observaciones señalan que la tumorectomía con disección axilar más irradiación puede ser empleada en vez de la mastectomía total en el tratamiento de una vasta proporción de mujeres con cáncer primario de seno. El presente informe describe la técnica de la operación (tumorectomía), la forma como se efectúa el examen patológico del especimen resecado y la manera como se administra la irradiación al seno operado. Las metodologías son las utilizadas en más de 1200 mujeres que han participado por más de una década en el estudio del NSABP. Se hace énfasis en que el resultado final de las pacientes sometidas a conservación del seno está relacionado con la experiencia y destreza del cirujano, del patólogo, del radioterapeuta y del oncólogo.

La orquestación del cuidado integral que produzca un buen resultado estético y el control de la enfermedad en el seno es más complejo que el manejo mediante la mastectomía. Sobretodo, se hace énfasis en que a pesar de que el concepto Halstediano de cirugía para cáncer ha sido desplazado, ésta innovación no significa un imprimatur a cirugía hecha a la Ventura.

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References

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Supported by Public Health Service grants from the National Cancer Institute (NCI-U10-CA-12027 and NCI-U10-CA-34211) and by a grant from the American Cancer Society (ACS-RC-13).

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Fisher, B., Wolmark, N., Fisher, E.R. et al. Lumpectomy and axillary dissection for breast cancer: Surgical, pathological, and radiation considerations. World J. Surg. 9, 692–698 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655182

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