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Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Mechanism of injury, prevention, and management

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Abstract

Although several studies have shown a low incidence of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, concerns remain because of the sustained increase in the number of referrals for biliary reconstruction after the procedure. Twenty-one patients have been referred to our institution because of major bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The injury was recognized during the laparoscopic procedure in only 6 of the 21 (29%). Nineteen patients underwent hepaticojejunostomy at least once, one patient required hepaticojejunostomy and repair of a choledochoduodenal fistula, and one patient needed repair of a biliary colonic fistula. Hepaticojejunostomy above the bifurcation was required in 10 patients (50%), at the bifurcation in 3, and below the bifurcation in 7. Nine of the eleven patients in whom the initial repair was performed at the local hospital presented with early stricture (median 7 months). The common denominator of the development of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the failure to identify the structures of the triangle of Calot. Specific steps during laparoscopic cholecystectomy to avoid bile duct injuries are described. Expertise in hepatobiliary surgery appears to optimize results of biliary reconstruction.

Résumé

Bien que plusieurs études semblent démontrer que l'incidence des plaies de la voie biliaire est relativement basse durant la cholécystectomie coelioscopique, on peut s'inquiéter du nombre croissant de ces plaies vues dans les centres pratiquant la reconstruction biliaire secondaire. Vingt et un cas de plaies de la voie biliaire principale après cholécystectomie coelioscopique ont été observés en seconde main. La lésion a été reconnue pendant l'intervention coelioscopique chez 6 patients seulement (29%). Dix neuf de ces patients ont eu une anastomose hépatico-jéjunale et une cure d'une fistule cholédochoduodénale et un patient a eu une cure d'une fistule biliocolique. Une anastomose hépatico-jéjunale au-dessus du confluent supérieur a été nécessaire chez 10 (50%) patients, au niveau du confluent chez 3, et en-dessous du confluent chez 7. Neuf des 11 patients ayant eu une réparation initiale dans un autre établissement ont eu une sténose secondaire (médiane d'apparition=7 mois). La cause principale de ces plaies au cours de la cholécystectomie coelioscopique est l'absence d'identification du triangle de Calot. Des conseils spécifiques à chaque moment de la cholécystectomie sont décrits pour éviter de telles plaies. Une expérience dans la chirurgie hépato-biliaire est nécessaire pour obtenir les meilleurs résultats de la chirurgie réparatrice.

Resumen

Aunque varios estudios han demostrado una baja incidencia de lésión de la vía biliar durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica, existe preocupación por un sostenido incremento en el número de pacientes que son referidos para reconstrucción biliar después de este procedimiento. Veintiún pacientes han sido referidos a nuestra institución debido a lesiones mayores luego de colecistectomía laparoscópica. La lesión fue reconocida en el curso del procedimiento laparoscópico en sólo 6 pacientes (29%); en diecinueve se realizó hepaticoyeyunostomía y reparación por lo menos una vez, 1 requirió hepaticoyeyunostomía y reparación de una fístula coledocoduodenal y 1 reparación de una fístula biliocolónica. Fue necesario practicar la hepaticoyeyunostomía en 10 casos (50%), al nivel de la confluencia en 3 y por debajo en 7. Nueve de 11 pacientes en quienes la reparación inicial fue realizada en el hospital local desarrollaron estrechez temprana (media, 7 meses). El común denominador de la lesión de la vía biliar en el curso de la colecistectomía laparoscópica es la falla en identificar las estructuras del triángulo de Calot. Se describen las maniobras específicas para evitar lesiones de la vía biliar en el curso de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. La experiencia y la destreza técnica optimizan los resultdos de la reconstrucción.

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Asbun, H.J., Rossi, R.L., Lowell, J.A. et al. Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Mechanism of injury, prevention, and management. World J. Surg. 17, 547–551 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655122

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