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Pathology of gastric cancer

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Abstract

This paper reviews the gross morphology, histologic classification, location, and modes of spread of gastric cancer. On the basis of gross appearance, we have classified gastric carcinoma into 4 types: (a) superficial spreading (6% of cases), (b) polypoid (11% of cases), (c) ulcerated (45% of cases), and (d) diffuse infiltrating (38% of cases). Our histologic classification includes 4 categories: (a) adenocarcinoma (70% of cases), (b) round cell carcinoma, (c) mucinous carcinoma, and (d) rare forms of carcinoma (squamous, adenoacanthoma, carcinosarcoma, collision tumor, ductogenic carcinoma). These main histologie categories are subdivided according to the degree of differentiation of each tumor. From 81 to 86% of gastric cancers arise in the pyloric region. Multifocal origin of stomach cancers occurs in about 10% of cases. The prognosis of gastric cancer depends on the extent of spread at the time of treatment. Intramural propagation beyond the grossly apparent margins is common, and extension into the duodenum and esophagus from lesions in the pylorus and cardia regularly occurs. Approximately 50% of gastric cancers infiltrate neighboring organs. Metastases to regional lymph nodes, particularly in the lesser curvature drainage area, occur in over half of the cases. Blood-borne spread, to the liver and beyond, and peritoneal seeding are common.

Résumé

L'article revoit la morphologie macroscopique, la classification histologique, la localisation et les modes d'extension du cancer gastrique. Nous avons classé les carcinomes gastriques, sur base de leur aspect macroscopique, en 4 types: (a) avec extension superficielle (6% des cas), (b) polypoïdes (11% des cas), (c) ulcérés (45% des cas), (d) diffusément infiltrants (38% des cas). Notre classification histologique comporte 4 catégories: (a) adénocarcinome (70% des cas), (b) carcinome à cellules rondes, (c) carcinome muqueux, (d) formes rares de carcinomes (épithélioma spino-cellulaire, adénoacanthome, carcinosarcome, tumeurs en collision, carcinome tubulaire). Ces grandes catégories histologiques sont subdivisées selon le degré de différenciation de chaque tumeur. Le cancer gastrique a son origine dans la région prépylorique dans 81–86% des cas. Dans quelques 10% des cas, le cancer a une origine multifocale. Le pronostic dépend de l'étendue de la dissémination au moment du traitement. La tumeur s'étend souvent dans la paroi gastrique au-delà de ses marges apparentes. L'extension au duodénum pour les lésions pyloriques, et à l'oesophage pour les lésions du cardia, est fréquente. Quelques 50% des cancers gastriques infiltrent les organes voisins. On trouve, dans plus de la moitié des cas, des métastases ganglionnaires régionales, surtout dans les zones de drainage de la petite courbure. Les métastases par voie sanguine, dans le foie ou au-delà, et la dissémination péritonéale sont fréquentes.

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Dedicated to Prof. Dr. med., Dr. med. h. c. W. Doerr, 65th Anniversary.

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Wanke, M., Schwan, H. Pathology of gastric cancer. World J. Surg. 3, 675–683 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01654786

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