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Organisation anatomique et physiologique des activités motrices de la moelle épinière

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Résumé

La moelle épinière utilise deux grandes modalités fonctionnelles: l'activité réflexe et l'activité programmée.

L'activité réflexe constitute la modalité la plus anciennement connue, elle englobe de nombreux arcs réflexes imprégnés de finalités fort diverses. Ainsi le réflexe myotatique, arc monosynaptique le plus simple, maintient et protège le tonus musculaire; les réflexes à point de départ cutané, polysynaptiques, impliquant des réseaux interneuronaux, extériorisent des réponses motrices de défense et de protection indiquant déjà une compétence plus intégrative.

L'activité programmée médullaire est supportée par des circuits neuronaux assez solidement fixés. Cette organisation fonctionnelle produit des séquences motrices correctement agencées dans l'espace et dans le temps (locomotion, miction, défécation, réflexes sexuels).

Aces deux modalités basales viennent se superposer les influences supra-spinales à capacité exécutoire. Ces signaux, canalisés vers la voie finale commune, agissent, dans une faible part, directement sur les motoneurones spinaux et, en effet, dans une très large mesure, ils utilisent les circuits interneuronaux et modulent ou déclenchent réflexes et programmes médullaires engendrant ainsi une activité cinétique cohérente.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire d'Anatomie, UER 1, Université de Bordeaux II, 146, rue Léo Saignat, F-33076, Bordeaux, France

    Jean Guérin

  2. Clinique de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Pellegrin, place Amélie Raba-Léon, F-33076, Bordeaux, France

    Jean Guérin

  3. Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Université de Bordeaux II, 146, rue Léo Saignat, F-33076, Bordeaux, France

    Bernard Bioulac

  4. Unité INSERM 176, Neurobiologie des comportements, Domaine de Carreire, rue Camille Saint-Saëns, F-33077, Bordeaux, France

    Bernard Bioulac

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Guérin, J., Bioulac, B. Organisation anatomique et physiologique des activités motrices de la moelle épinière. Anat. Clin 1, 267–289 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01654583

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