Summary
In order to analyse the penetration of two antibiotics (mezlocillin and metronidazole) which cover the spectrum of microorganisms involved in pancreatic infection, we determined their concentration in pancreatic tissue, juice and cyst fluid in 16 patients undergoing pancreatic surgery. In addition, the external pancreatic fistula fluid of one patient was analysed for antibiotic concentration and bacterial counts during a seven-day treatment with mezlocillin, metronidazole and netilmicin (i.v.). Antibiotic concentrations were determined by HPLC between 16 and 210 (median 74) min after i.v. administration of 4 g mezlocillin and 500 mg metronidazole, respectively. The median concentration of mezlocillin was 23.2 (range: 3.1–37.4) mg/kg, 15.9 (range: 4.2–55.0) mg/l and 9.9 (range: 5.2–14.8) mg/l in pancreatic tissue, juice and cyst fluid, respectively. The median concentration of metronidazole was 5.1 (range: 1.8–13.0) mg/kg, 8.5 (range: 3.6–16.2) mg/l and 1.2 (0.9–1.4) mg/l in pancreatic tissue, juice and cyst fluid, respectively. From the fistula patient, seven different bacteria were cultured (five aerobic and two anaerobic isolates); their concentration in fistula fluid ranged from 105 to 107 CFU/ml. The bacteria sensitive for mezlocillin and metronidazole disappeared after four days of i.v. treatment, whereas the two isolates sensitive for netilmicin showed continuous growth seven days after i.v. treatment. The peak concentrations for mezlocillin, metronidazole and netilmicin in the fistula fluid were 6.8 mg/l, 5.6 mg/l and <0.1 mg/l, respectively.
Zusammenfassung
Bei 16 Patienten wurden im Rahmen von operativen Eingriffen an der Bauchspeicheldrüse die Konzentrationen von Mezlocillin und Metronidazol im humanen Pankreasgewebe, Pankreassaft und Zystenflüssigkeit bestimmt. Die beiden Substanzen wurden analysiert, da sie das Spektrum an Bakterien abdecken, welche im Rahmen von Infektionen an der Bauchspeicheldrüse relevant sind. Zusätzlich wurde bei einem Patienten mit einer superinfizierten pankreatikokutanen Fistel das Fistelsekret bezüglich der Konzentrationen von Mezlocillin, Metronidazol und Netilmicin untersucht. Die Antibiotika-Konzentrationen in den verschiedenen Bauchspeicheldrüsenkompartimenten wurden mittels HPLC bestimmt nach intravenöser Injektion von 4g Mezlocillin, 500 mg Metronidazol bzw. 150 mg Netilmicin. Der mediane Bestimmungszeitpunkt lag bei 74 min. (16–210 min.) nach intravenöser Gabe des jeweiligen Antibiotikums. Die mediane Konzentration für Mezlocillin entsprach 23,2 mg/kg (3,1–37,4) in humanem Pankreasgewebe, 15,9 mg/l (4,2–55,0) im Pankreassaft und 9,9 mg/l (5,2–14,8) in der Zystenflüssigkeit. Die entsprechenden medianen Konzentrationen für Metronidazol waren 5,05 mg/kg (1,8–13,0) im Pankreasgewebe, 8,5 mg/l (3,6–16,2) im Pankreassaft und 1,15 mg/l (0,9–1,4) im Pankreaspseudozysteninhalt. Bei dem Fistelpatienten wurden sieben verschiedene Keime (fünf aerobe und zwei anaerobe) in Konzentrationen zwischen 105–107 KBE/ml isoliert. Die Keime, welchein vitro für Mezlocillin und Metronidazol empfindlich waren, verschwanden aus dem Fistelsekret innerhalb von vier Tagen nach intravenöser Therapie. Demgegenüber zeigten diein vitro für Netilmicin empfindlichen Keime ein verstärktes Wachstum im Fistelsekret. Die Spitzen-Konzentrationen für Mezlocillin, Metronidazol und Netilmicin in der Fistelflüssigkeit wurden mit 6,8 mg/ml, 5,6 mg/l und >0,1 mg/l ermittelt.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beger, H. G., Krautzberger, W., Bittner, R., Block, S., Büchler, M. Results of surgical treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis. World J. Surg. 9 (1985) 972–978.
Beger, H. G., Block, S., Bittner, R., Büchler, M. Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis: A prospective clinical study. Gastroenterology 91 (1986) 433–438.
Beger, H. G., Block, S., Bittner, R. The significance of bacterial infection in acute pancreatitis. In:Beger, H. G., Büchler, M. (eds.): Acute pancreatitis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1987, pp. 79–86.
Kivilaakso, E., Lempinen, M., Mäkeläinen, A., Nikki, P., Schröder, T. Pancreatic resection versus peritoneal lavation for acute fulminant pancreatitis. Ann. Surg. 199 (1984) 426–431.
Pemberton, J. H., Nagorney, D. M., Dozois, R. R. Pancreatic abscess. In:Go, V. L. W., Brooks, F. P., Di Magno, E. P., Gardner, J. D., Lebenthal, E., Scheele, G. A. (eds.): The exocrine pancreas. Raven Press, New York 1986, pp. 513–525.
Mayer, A. D., McMahon, M. J., Corfield, A. P., Cooper, M. J., Williamson, R. C. N., Dickson, A. P., Shearer, M. G., Imrie, C. W. Controlled clinical trial of peritoneal lavage for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 312 (1985) 399–404.
Craig, R. M., Dordal, E., Myles, L. The use of ampicillin in acute pancreatitis. Ann. Int. Med. 83 (1975) 831–832.
Howes, R., Zuidema, G. D., Cameron, J. L. Evaluation of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. J. Surg. Res. 18 (1975) 197–200.
Finch, W. T., Sawyers, J. L., Schenker, S. A prospective study to determine the efficacy of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. Ann. Surg. 183 (1976) 667–671.
Burns, G. P., Stein, T. A., Kabnock, L. S. Blood-pancreatic juice barrier to antibiotic excretion. Am. J. Surg. 151 (1986) 205–208.
Roberts, E. A., Williams, R. J. Ampicillin concentration in pancreatic fluid bile obtained at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 14 (1979) 669–672.
Wallace, J., Cushing, R., Bawdon, R., Sugawa, C. Antibiotic levels in human pancreatic juice. Surg. Forum 34 (1983) 147–148.
Lankisch, P. G., Klesel, N., Seeger, K., Seidel, G., Winckler, K. Penetration of cefotaxime into the pancreas. Z. Gastroenterol. 31 (1983) 601–603.
Gregg, J. A., Maher, L., DeGirolami, P. C., Gregg Jr., J. A. Secretion of β-lactam antibiotics in pure human pancreatic juice. Am. J. Surg. 150 (1985) 333–335.
Tyden, G., Malmborg, A. S. Penetration of antibiotics into pancreatic juice. Lancet I (1985) 1046.
Pederzoli, P., Orcalli, F., Falconi, M., Bozzini, L., Martini, N. Penetration of mezlocillin into pancreatic juice. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 397 (1986) 397.
Demol, P., Singer, M. V., Bernemann, D., Linzenmeier, G., Goebell, H.: Excretion of mezlocillin by the normal pancreas and in acute pancreatitis. In:Spitzy, K. H., Karrer, K. (eds.): Proceedings. 13th International Congress of Chemotherapy, Vienna 1983, pp. 9–13.
Trudel, J. L., Mutch, D. O., Brown, P. R., Richards, G. K., Brown, R. A. Antibiotic therapy for pancreatic sepsis: Differences in bioactive blood and tissue levels. Surg. Forum 33 (1982) 26–27.
Barkin, J., Panullo, W., Kalser, M.: Selective antibiotic excretion by the pancreas. In: American Pancreatic Association and the National Pancreatic Cancer Project, NCI, Chicago, Illinois 1984 (Abstract No. 43).
Studley, I. G. N., Schentag, J. J., Schenk, W. G. Excretion of cephalothin and cefamandole by the normal pancreas and in acute pancreatitis in dogs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 22 (1982) 262–265.
Beger, H. G., Krautzberger, W., Bittner, R., Büchler, M., Limmer, J. Duodenum preserving resection of the head of the pancrease in patients with severe chronic pancreatitis. Surgery 97 (1985) 467–473.
Ko, H., Petzold, E. N. Isolation of samples prior to chromatography. In:Tsuji, K., Morozowich, W. (eds.): GLC and HPLC determination of therapeutic agents, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York — Basel 1978.
Yoshikawa, T. T., Maitra, S. K., Schotz, M. C., Guze, L. B. High-pressure liquid chromatography for quantitation of antimicrobial agents. Rev. Infec. Dis. 2 (1980) 169–181.
Fiore, D., Anger, F. A., Drusano, G. L., Dandu, V. R., Lesko, L. J. Improved micromethod for mezlocillin quantitation in serum and urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 26 (1984) 775–777.
Schaal, K. P. Entnahme und Transport von Untersuchungsmaterial zur mikrobiologischen, parasitologischen und serologischen Diagnostik von Infektionskrankheiten. Der Krankenhausarzt 49 (1986) 63–71.
Holdeman, L. V., Cato, E., Moore, W. E. C. Anaerobic laboratory manual. Blacksburg, Va.: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1977.
Murray, P. R. Standardization of the analytical enteric (APJ 20 E) system to increase the accuracy and the reproducibility of the test for biotype characterization of bacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 8 (1978) 48–49.
Bauer, A. W., Kirby, W. M., Sherris, J. C., Turck, M. Antibiotics susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 445 (1966) 493–496.
Rubinstein, E., Haspel, J., Klein, E., Ben-Ari, G., Schwarzkopf, R., Tadmor, A. Effect of pancreatitis on ampicillin excretion in pancreatic fluid in dogs. Agents Chemother. 17 (1980) 905–907.
Wallace, J., Cushing, R. D., Bawdon, R. E., Sugawa, C., Lucas C. E., Ledgerwood, A. M. Assessment of antimicrobial penetration into the pancreatic juice in humans. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1621 (1986) 313–316.
Benveniste, G. L., Morris, R. G. Penetration of cefotaxime into pancreatic juice. Lancet I (1985) 588–589.
Pederzoli, P., Falconi, M., Bassi, C., Vesentini, S., Orcalli, F., Scaglione, F., Solbiati, M., Messori, A., Martini, N. Ciprofloxacin penetration in pancreatic juice. Chemother. 33 (1987) 397–401.
Miller, J. M., Wiper, T. B. Physiologic observations on patients with external pancreatic fistula. Ann. Surg. 120 (1944) 852–856.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Büchler, M., Frieß, H., Bittner, R. et al. The penetration of antibiotics into human pancreas. Infection 17, 20–25 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01643494
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01643494