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Magnetic resonance angiographic analysis of atlanto-axial rotation: Anatomic bases of compression of the vertebral arteries

Étude en angiographie par résonance magnétique de la rotation atlantoaxoïdienne : bases anatomiques de la compression des artères vertébrales

  • Radiologic Anatomy
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Summary

The aim of this study was to identify the functional anatomic factors involved in the maintenance or disturbance of flow in the vertebral aa. during atlanto-axial rotation. Fourteen healthy volunteers were studied by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) by a three-dimensional sequence in phase contrast centered on the vertebral aa. at the level of the cranio-cervical junction before and after left rotation of the head A decrease in the signal intensity of the arterial flow was sought for. The results were compared to the posterolateral development of the loop of the vertebral a. in its atlanto-axial segment in neutral position, and to the measurement of the angular opening between the atlas and axis in dynamic position. Seven subjects also had a three-dimensional CT study (3D CT) of the bony relations of C1 and C2 after rotation. In 4 subjects a disturbance of flow in the right vertebral a. was observed in the transverse foramen of C2. This occurred when two factors were combined: an under-developed atlanto-axial arterial loop and a C1–C2 angle exceeding 35° in maximal rotation. In the other subjects a well-developed arterial loop and/or a C1–C2 angle of less than 35° in maximal rotation were factors preserving the arterial flow. The risk factor associated with the C1–C2 angle seemed correlated in 3D CT with loss of the usual asymmetric character of rotation. A clinical application is reported with a case combining chronic rotational dysfunction of the cranio-cervical junction as shown by 3D CT and complete compression of the vertebral a. in MRA, confirmed by conventional angiography. A knowledge of this physiopathologic mechanism allows clinical detection and evaluation of the risk of any effect of pathology of the cranio-cervical junction on the vertebral a.

Résumé

Le but de cette étude était d'identifier les facteurs anatomiques fonctionnels impliqués dans la préservation ou dans la perturbation du flux des artères vertébrales au cours de la rotation atlanto-axoïdienne. Quatorze témoins volontaires sains ont été étudiés en angiographie par résonance magnétique (ARM) par une séquence tridimensionnelle en contraste de phase centrée sur les artères vertébrales à hauteur de la jonction crânio-cervicale avant et après une rotation gauche de la tête. Une diminution de l'intensité du signal de flux artériel était recherchée. Les résultats étaient comparés au développement postéro-latéral de la boucle de l'artère vertébrale dans son segment axoïdoatloïdien en position neutre, et à la mesure de l'ouverture angulaire entre l'atlas et l'axis en position dynamique. Sept témoins ont également eu une étude par tomodensitométrie tridimensionnelle (TDM 3D) des rapports osseux de C1 et C2 après rotation. Pour 4 sujets une perturbation du flux de l'artère vertébrale droite était observée dans le foramen transversaire de C2. Elle survenait dans le cas de l'association de 2 facteurs ; une boucle artérielle axoïdo-atloïdienne sous-développée et un angle C1–C2 supérieur à 35° en rotation maximale. Pour les autres sujets, une boucle artérielle bien développée et/ou un angle C1–C2 inférieur à 35° en rotation maximale étaient les facteurs de préservation du flux artériel. Le facteur de risque lié à l'angle C1–C2 semblait corrélé en TDM 3D à la perte du caractère asymétrique habituel de la rotation. Une application clinique est présentée avec un cas associant une dysfonction rotatoire chronique de la jonction crânio-cervicale documentée en TDM 3D et une compression complète de l'artère vertébrale en ARM confirmée en angiographie conventionnelle. La connaissance de ce mécanisme physiopathologique permet en clinique d'orienter son dépistage et d'évaluer le risque de retentissement sur l'artère vertébrale d'une pathologie de la jonction crânio-cervicale.

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Dumas, JL., Salama, J., Dreyfus, P. et al. Magnetic resonance angiographic analysis of atlanto-axial rotation: Anatomic bases of compression of the vertebral arteries. Surg Radiol Anat 18, 303–313 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01627609

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