Abstract
The ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat glioma N32 was treated with the mutagenic compoundN-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and the surviving cells cloned by limiting dilution. Out of 20 clones tested 8 did not produce tumors subcutaneously even after challenge doses 3 log units above the minimal tumor dose for N32. All of 5 clones grew in a retarded manner intracerebrally but produced tumors in some animals. Preimmunizations with three of the rejected clones (tum−) gave protection against subcutaneous and intracerebral isografts of the unmutated N32. This effect could be enhanced if the cells used for immunizations were pretreated with interferon γ (IFNγ) for 48 h. If immunizations were started subsequent to challenge, only immunization with one of two tested tum− clones pretreated with IFNγ induced significant rejection against intracerebral N32 isografts. Both N32 and its tum− closes were MHC class I positive and MHC class II negative. IFNγ treatment enhanced the MHC class I expression with 20%–90% on the tum− clones and with 40% on N32. MHC class II expression could be induced on N32 cells after 7 days of IFNγ treatment but not on any of the tum− clones tested. We conclude that the enhancing effect of IFNγ treatment on tumor isograft rejection may depend on up-regulation of MHC class I but not of MHC class II. This investigation demonstrates that it is possible to induce rejection of weakly immunogenic intracerebral brain tumors by immunization with selected highly immunogenic tumor cell mutants. In conjunction with relevant cytokines, the cross-protective effect of these tum− variants might be further enhanced and serve as a model for immunotherapy against malignant human brain tumors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Blankenstein T, Rowley D, Schreiber H (1991) Cytokines and cancer: experimental systems. Curr Opin Immunol 3:694
Bloom WH, Carstairs KC, Crompton MR, McKissock W (1960) Autologous glioma transplantation. Lancet 9:77
Bloom HJG, Peckham MJ, Richardson AE, Alexander PA, Payne PM (1973) Glioblastoma multiforme: a controlled trial to asses the value of specific active immunotherapy in patients treated by radical surgery and radiotherapy. Br J Cancer 27:253
Bodmer S, Siepl C, Fontana A (1989) Immunoregulatory factors secreted by glioblastoma cells: glioblastoma derived T-cell supressor factor/transforming growth factor-beta: In: Neuroimmune networks: Physiology and diseases. Alan R Liss, New York, p 73
Boon T (1985) Tum− variants: immunogenic variants obtained by mutagen treatment of tumor cells. Immunol Today 6:307
Boon T, Van Snick J, Van Pel A, Uyttenhove C, Marchand M (1980) Immunogenic variants obtained by mutagenesis of mouse mastocytoma P815 II. T-lymphocyte mediated cytolysis. J Exp Med 152:1184
Brent L (1990) Immunologically privileged sites. In: Pthophysiology of the blood-brain barrier. Elsevier: Amsterdam, p 383
Cravioto HM, De Bernardo E, Hochwald GM, Thorbecke JG (1981) Immunity to transplantable nitrosourea-induced neurogenic tumors. I. Potentiation of tumor immunity withCorynebacterium parvum. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 40:526
Denlinger R, Axler D, Koestner DA, Liss L (1975) Tumor-specific transplantation immunity to intracerebral challenge with cells from a methylnitrosourea-induced brain tumor. J Med 6:249
De Plaen E, Lurquin C, Van Pel A, Mariamé B, Szikora JP, Wölfel T, Sibille C, Chomez P, Boon T (1988) Immunogenic (tum−) variants of mouse tumor P815: cloning of the gene of tum− antigen P91A and identification of the tum− mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:2274
Frost P, Kerbel RS, Bauer E, Tartamello-Biondo R, Cefalu W (1983) Mutagen treatment as a means for selecting immunogenic variants from otherwise poorly immunogenic malignant murine tumors. Cancer Res 43:125
Grace JT, Perese DM, Metzgar RS, Sasabe T, Holdridge BS (1961) Tumor autograft responses in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 18:159
Greene HSN (1957) Heterotransplantation of tumors. Ann NY Acad Sci 69:818
Hewitt HB, Blake ER, Walder AS (1976) A critique of the evidence for active host defense against cancer, based on personal studies of 27 murine tumours of spontaneous origin. Br J Cancer 33:241
Itaya T, Hunt B, Frost P (1989) Retention of immunogenicity after X-irradiation of mouse colon tumor cells expressing the transfected influenza virus hemagglutinin gene. Cancer Immunol Immunother 28:248
Kaye A (1989) Adjuvant treatment of malignant brain tumors. Aust NZ J Neurosurg 59:831
Kida Y, Cravioto H, Hochwald GH, Hochgeschwender U, Ransohoff J (1983) Immunity to transplantable nitrosourea-induced neurogenic tumors. II. Immunoprophylaxis of tumors of the brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 42:122
Kelin G, Sjögren HO, Klein E, Hellström K (1960) Demonstration of resistance against methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas in the primary autochthonous host. Cancer Res 20:1561
Koestner A, Swenberg JA, Wechsler W (1971) Transplacental production with ethylnitrosourea of neoplasms of the nervous system in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Pathol 63:37
Lindvall M, Sjögren HO (1991) Inhibition of yolk sac tumor growth in vivo by a monoclonal antibody to the retroviral molecule P15E. Cancer Immunol Immunother 33:21
Long RG, O'Connor JS, Jelsma LF (1962) Studies on glioma immunity in the mouse. Arch Neurol 7:76
Lurquin C, Van Pel A, Mariamé B, De Plaen E, Szikora J, Janssens C, Reddehase MJ, Lejeune J, Boon T (1989) Structure of the gene of tum− transplantation antigen P91A: the mutated exon encodes a peptide recognized with Ld by cytolytic T cells. Cell 58:293
Mahaley MS, Bigner DD, Dudka FL, Wilds PR, Williams DH, Bouldin TW, Whitaker JN, Bynum JM (1983) Immunobiology of primary intracranial tumors. Part 7. Active immunization of patients with anaplastic human glioma cells: a pilot study. J Neurosurg 59:201
Maryanski J, Boon T (1982) Immunogenic variants obtained by mutagenesis of mouse mastocytoma P815 IV: analysis of variant-specific antigens by selection of antigen-loss variants with cytolytic T cell clones. Eur J Immunol 12:406
Maryanski JL, Van Snick J, Cerottini JC, Boon T (1982) Immunogenic variants obtained by mutagenesis of mouse mastocytoma P815 III. Clonal analysis of the syngeneic T lymphocyte response. Eur J Immunol 12:401
Medawar PB (1948) Immunity to homologous grafted skin. III. The fate of skin homografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue and to the anterior chamber of the eye. Br J Exp Pathol 29:58
Merchant R, Ellison M, Young H (1990) Immunotherapy for malignant glioma using human recombinant interleukin-2 and activated autologous lymphocytes. J Neuroonc 8:173
Micco C, Hassoun J, Meyer G, Toga M (1986) Role of the blood-brain barrier in the establishment of the immune response against polyoma virus-induced cerebral tumors in hamsters. J Neuroimmunol 11:301
Middle J, Robinson G, Embleton M (1981) Naturally arising tumors of the inbred WAB/Not rat strain II. Immunogenicity of transplanted tumors. JNCI 67:637
Nitta T, Sato K, Okumura K, Ishii S (1990) Induction of cytotoxicity in human T-cells coated with anti-glioma x anti-CD3 bispecific antibody against human glioma cells. J Neurosurg 72:476
Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Thakur A, Clements V (1990) Rejection of mouse sarcoma cells after transfection of MHC class II genes. J Immunol 144:4068
Prehn R, Main J (1957) Immunity to methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. JNCI 18:769
Puccetti P, Bianchi R, Romani L, Cenci E, Fioretti MC (1989) Delayed-type hypersensitivity to tumor antigens co-expressed with immunogenic determinants induced by xenogenization. Int J Cancer 43:279
Rainbird S, Ridley A (1977) Antigenicity of ethylnitrosourea-induced rat schwannomas assayed by in vitro lymphocytotoxicity. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 3:9
Salford L, Brun A, Nirfalk S (1988) Ten-year survival among patients with supratentorial astrocytomas grade III and IV. J Neurosurg 69:506
Schackert HK, Itaya T, Schackert G, Fearon E, Vogelstein B, Frost F (1989) Systemic immunity against a murine colon tumor (CT-26) produced by immunization with syngeneic cells expressing a transfected viral gene product. Int J Cancer 43:823
Scheinberg LC, Suzuki K, Edelman FL, Davidoff LM (1963) Studies in immunization against a transplantable cerebral mouse glioma. J Neurosurg 4:312
Scheinberg LC, Edelman FL, Levy WA (1964) Is the brain “an immunologically priveliged site”? I. Studies based on intracerebral tumor homotransplantation and isotransplantation to sensitized hosts. Arch Neurol 11:248
Scheinberg LC, Kotsilimbas DG, Karpf R, Mayer N (1966) Is the brain “an immunologically privileged site?” III. Studies based on homologous skin grafts to the brain and the subcutaneous tissue. Arch Neurol 15:62
Sibille C, Chomez P, Wildmann C, Van Pel A, De Plaen E, Maryanski J, De Bergeryck V, Boon T (1990) Structure of the gene of tum− transplantation antigen P198: a point mutation generates a new antigenic peptide. J Exp Med 172:35
Sjögren HO (1965) Transplantation methods as a tool for detection of tumor-specific antigens. Prog Exp Tumor Res 6:289
Spence AM, Priestly G (1981) A survey of ethylnitrosourea-induced rat gliomas for the presence of tumor rejection antigens expressed in vivo. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 7:63
Szikora JP, Van Pel A, Brichard V, Andre M, Van Baren N, Henry P, De Plaen E, Boon T (1990) Structure of the gene of tum− transplantation antigen P35B: presence of a point mutation in the antigenic allele. EMBO J 9:1041
Uyttenhove C, Van Snick J, Boon T (1980) Immunogenic variants obtained by mutagenesis of mouse mastocytoma P815. I. Rejection by syngeneic mice. J Exp Med 152:1175
Van den Eynde B, Hainaut P, Hérin M, Knuth A, Lemoine C, Weynants P, Van der Bruggen P, Fauchet R, Boon T (1989) Presence on a human melanoma of multiple antigens recognized by autologous lymphocytes. Int J Cancer 44:634
Van Pel A, Vessière F, Boon T (1983) Protection against two spontaneous mouse leukemias conferred by immunogenic variants obtained by mutagenesis. J Exp Med 157:1992
Wekerle H, Engelhardt B, Risau W, Meyerman R (1990) Passage of lymphocytes across the blood-brain barrier in health and disease: In: Pathophysiology of the blood-brain barrier. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 439
Wen P, Lampson M, Lampson L (1992) Effects of gamma-interferon on major histocompatibility complex antigen expression and lymphocytic infiltration in the 9L gliosarcoma brain tumor model: implications for strategies of immunotherapy. J Neuroimmunol 36:57
Yumitori K, Ito Y, Handa H (1982) Protective effect of immunization with virus infected glioma cells against intracerebrally implanted glioma in mice. Eur J Clin Oncol 18:177
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Siesjö, P., Visse, E., Lindvall, M. et al. Immunization with mutagen-treated (tum−) cells causes rejection of nonimmunogenic rat glioma isografts. Cancer Immunol Immunother 37, 67–74 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01516944
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01516944