Abstract
Various Pleistocene dwarfed elephants known from the islands of Celebes, Flores and Timor in the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago are described and their relationships considered. It is evident that these pygmy forms arose independently on each of the islands as a result of isolation and genetic drift favouring small size as in the better-known cases of the Mediterranean and Santa Barbara Channel Islands dwarf species. The dispersal possibilities of elephants are discussed; the conclusion must be drawn that geographic spacing has been the prime factor in species formation. Idle or fruitless speculations about ecological or other non-morphological species criteria have been omitted; the taxonomy of proboscideans as far as needed in the present context is however elucidated. It is pointed out that wherever we find pygmy elephants we have also giant rodents; in these presumably small isolated populations giganticism in small rodents appears to have been as advantageous to the animals as is dwarfing in elephants. As neither the exact date of colonization nor that of the eventual extinction (brought about by man or otherwise) is known, we have no means of knowing how many generations were involved; it is, however, likely that evolutionary velocity has been higher under these conditions than is usual.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Accordi, B. &R. Colacicchi (1962). Excavations in the pigmy elephants cave of Spinagallo (Siracusa).Geol. Romana 1: 217–229.
Arambourg, C. (1952). Note préliminaire sur quelques Eléphants fossiles de Berbérie.Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2,24: 407–418.
Carrington, R. (1962). Elephants. A short account of their natural history, evolution, and influence on mankind. Penguin Books A 539, 285 pp.
Colbert, E. H. (1957). A Trip to Philadelphia or Strike Up the Enamel Band.Soc. Vert. Pal. News Bull. 49: 24–25.
Cooke, H. B. S. (1961). Further revision of the fossil Elephantidae of southern Africa.Pal. Africana 7: 46–58.
Dietrich, W. O. (1951). Daten zu den fossilen Elefanten Afrikas und Ursprung der GattungLoxodonta.N. Jahrb. f. Geol. Pal., Abh.,93: 325–378.
Hayasaka, I. (1942). On the occurrence of mammalian remains in Taiwan: a preliminary summary.Taiwan Tigaku Kizi 13: 95–109.
Hooijer, D. A. (1949). Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. IV.Archidiskodon celebensis nov. spec.Zool. Med. Museum Leiden 30: 205–226.
Hooijer, D. A. (1952).Palaeoloxodon cf.namadicus (Falconer et Cautley) from Borneo.Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. v. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. B, vol.55: 395–398.
Hooijer, D. A. (1954a). A pygmyStegodon from the Middle Pleistocene of eastern Java.Zool. Med. Museum Leiden 33: 91–102.
Hooijer, D. A. (1954b). Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. XI. Molars and a tusked mandible ofArchidiskodon celebensis Hooijer. Ibid.,33: 103–120.
Hooijer, D. A. (1955). Fossil Proboscidea from the Malay Archipelago and the Punjab.Zool. Verh. Museum Leiden, no.28, 146 pp.
Hooijer, D. A. (1956).Archidiskodon planifrons (Falconer et Cautley) from the Tatrot zone of the Upper Siwaliks.Leidse Geol. Med. 20: 110–119.
Hooijer, D. A. (1957a). AStegodon from Flores.Treubia 24: 119–129.
Hooijer, D. A. (1957b). Report upon a collection of fossil vertebrates from Ola Bula, Central Ngada, Flores.Berita Madjelis Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Djakarta, Nop. 1957, pp. 6–8.
Hooijer, D. A. (1957c). Three new giant prehistoric rats from Flores, Lesser Sunda Islands.Zool. Med. Museum Leiden 35: 299–314.
Hooijer, D. A. (1958). An Early Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Bethlehem.Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Geol. 3: 265–292.
Hooijer, D. A. (1960). AStegodon from Israel.Bull. Research Council of Israel, vol.9G: 104–108.
Hooijer, D. A. (1962). Middle Pleistocene mammals from Latamne, Orontes Valley, Syria.Ann. Arch. de Syrie 11: 117–132.
Hooijer, D. A. (1964a). Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. XII. Notes on pygmy stegodonts.Zool. Med. Museum Leiden 40: 37–44.
Hooijer, D. A. (1964b). New records of mammals from the Middle Pleistocene of Sangiran, Central Java. Ibid.,40: 73–88.
Hooijer, D. A. (1964c). On two milk molars of a pygmy stegodont from Ola Bula, Flores.Bull. Geol. Surv. Indonesia 1: 49–52.
Hooijer, D. A. (1965). Note onCoryphomys bühleri Schaub, a gigantic murine rodent from Timor.Israel Journ. Zool. 14: 128–133.
Koenigswald, G. H. R. von (1956). Fossil mammals from the Philippines.Proc. Fourth Far-Eastern Prehistory Congress, part1: 339–362.
Leonardi, P. (1954). Les mammifères nains du Pléistocène Méditerranéen.Ann. de Paléont. 40: 189–201.
Mayr, E. (1944). The birds of Timor and Sumba.Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 83: 123–194.
Mayr, E. (1945). Wallace's Line in the light of recent zoogeographic studies. Science and Scientists in the Netherlands Indies, New York, pp. 241–250.
Orr, P. C. (1960). Radiocarbon dates from Santa Rosa Island. II.Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull. no.3 Dept. of Anthrop., 5 pp.
Osborn, H. F. (1932a). New estimates of the length of Pleistocene time and means of dating the Stone Age Man by the elephant-enamel method.B.A.A.S., Rep. Cent. Meeting, London, 1931, London, pp. 372–373.
Osborn, H. F. (1932b). The Geologic Age of Pithecanthropus, Eoanthropus, and other fossil Men determined by the Enamel-ridge-plate-grinding-tooth-measurement of the Proboscidea with which they were geologically contemporaneous. Ibid.B.A.A.S., Rep. Cent. Meeting, London, pp. 451–453.
Osborn, H. F. (1936). Proboscidea. A Monograph of the Discovery, Evolution, Migration and Extinction of the Mastodonts and Elephants of the World. Vol. I. Moeritherioidea, Deinotherioidea, Mastodontoidea. New York (Amer. Mus. Press), XL+802 pp.
Osborn, H. F. (1942). Do., Vol. II. Stegodontoidea, Elephantoidea. New York (Amer. Mus. Press), pp. 805–1675+I-XXVII.
Osborn, H. F. &E. H. Colbert (1931). The elephant enamel method of measuring Pleistocene time. Also stages in the succession of fossil Man and Stone Age industries.Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 70: 187–191.
Simpson, G. G. (1945). The principles of classification and a classification of mammals.Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 85, XVI+350 pp.
Stock, Ch. (1935). Exiled elephants of the Channel Islands, California.Sci. Monthly 41: 205–214.
Stock, Ch. (1936). Ice Age Elephants of the Channel Islands.Westways, June 1936, pp. 14–15.
Stock, Ch. &E. L. Furlong (1928). The Pleistocene elephants of Santa Rosa island, California.Science 68: 140–141.
Stresemann, E. (1939). Die Vögel von Celebes. I. Die ornithologische Erforschung von Celebes. II. Zoogeographie.Journ. f. Ornith. 87: 299–425.
Vaufrey, R. (1929). Les Eléphants nains des Iles méditerranéennes et la question des isthmes pléistocènes. Arch. Inst. Pal. Humaine, Mém.6, 220 pp.
Verhoeven, Th. (1964).Stegodon-Fossilien auf der Insel Timor.Anthropos 59: 634.
Wallace, A. R. (1860). On the zoological geography of the Malay archipelago.Journ. Linn. Soc. London 4: 172–184.
Watson, D. M. S. (1946). The evolution of Proboscidea.Biol. Reviews 21: 15–29.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hooijer, D.A. Indo-australian insular elephants. Genetica 38, 143–162 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01507454
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01507454