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Aorto-enterische Fisteln —Pathogenese, Klinik und Therapie

Aortic-enteric fistulas

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Summary

This report is based on 14 own observations and 166 patients collected from the literature. The most frequent location both of primary and secondary aortic-enteric fistulas (AEF) is the end part of the duodenum (60–70%). In the group of secondary AEF the paraprothetic type represents the most frequent morphological finding. The best diagnostic approach should be seen in a gastroduodenoscopy. The choice of surgical repair is still controversal. Most of the surgeons insist on a radical repair (Type A: restoration of the intestinal tract, complete removal of the vascular prosthesis, blind closure of the infrarenal aortic stump, axillo-bifemoral bypass). Type A repair is loaded with a high operative mortality (52%) and a number of secondary complications (e.g. recurrent AEF; bleeding from the aortic stump). As an alternative surgical approach the authors present an in-siturepair (Type B: closing of the intestinal defect, partial exchange of inserted vascular prosthesis, a circular omentum sleeve covering the prosthesis and anastomosis). The Type B repair offers a time saving procedure with a reduced operative mortality (29%) and a better outcome for the patients. This method is only contraindicated in the presence of a spread infection of the retroperitoneal space including the vascular prosthesis.

Zusammenfassung

1.Die aorto-intestinale Fistel (AEF) stellt eine seltene aber unmittelbar lebensbedrohliche Komplikation im Spontanverlauf eines Aortenaneurysmas (primäre Form) oder aber als postoperatives Ereignis nach prothetischem Ersatz des aorto-iliacalen Geräßabschnitts dar (sekunädre Fistel). Anhand einer retrospektiven Analyse von 14 eigenen and 177 Beobachtungen aus der Literatur werden Pathogenese, Klinik, Diagnostik and chirurgische Behandlungsverfahren besprochen. 2. Die präoperative Diagnose (seitherige Häufigkeit: 15-20%) gelingt am sichersten durch Gastro-Duodeno-skopie. Häufigste Lokalisation (50–70%) ist die Endstrecke des Duodenums. Unter den sekundären Fisteln ist die paraprothetische Form am häufigsten vertreten. 3. Die seither bevorzugte Radikaloperation A, d. h. Fistelverschluß mit Darmnaht, Entfernung der Gefäßprothese, Blindverschluß der infrarenalen Aorta und Anlage eines axillo-bifemoralen Bypass ist durch eine hohe Operationsletalität (52%) und häufige Spätkomplikationen belastet (Nachblutung bzw. Rezidivfistel u. a.). Sie sollte auf zweiAusnahmesituationen beschränkt werden: a) bei präoperativ gesicherter Diagnose, so daß der extraanatomische Bypass vor der Fistelkorrektur angelegt werden kann, b) in Präsenz eines massiven retroperitonealen Infektes. 4. Als chirurgisches Alternativverfahren ist heute diein situ-Rekonstruktion mit Teilaustausch der Gefäßprothese anzusehen. Zur Infektionsprophylaxe wird eine zirkuläre Einscheidung des Protheseninterponats durch eine gestielte Netzmanschette neben Antibiotica eingesetzt. Dieses Vorgehen kommt für alle primären und sekundären Fisteln mit lokalisiertem, auf die Fistel begrenzten Infekt in Betracht. Unter vier eigenen Patienten kein Todesfall und glatter Heilungsverlauf (mittlere Nachbeobachtungszeit: 12,1 Monate). Geringe Operationsletalität (29%), Zeitersparnis und überlegene Langzeitergebnisse machen dieses Operationsverfahren zurMethode der Wahl.

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Vollmar, J.F., Belz, R. & Balmer, K. Aorto-enterische Fisteln —Pathogenese, Klinik und Therapie. Langenbecks Arch Chiv 365, 249–266 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01459613

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