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Adverse changes in fibrinolysis, blood coagulation and platelet function in high altitude pulmonary oedema and their role in its pathogenesis

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Abstract

Blood coagulation studies were undertaken in patients of highaltitude pulmonary oedema at 3, 700 m, comparable controls, and sea level subjects to determine the possible causal connection between changes in fibrinolytic activity, blood coagulation factors, and formation of thrombi within the alveolar capillaries, venules and some branches of pulmonary arteries. The following changes have been observed: Fibrinolytic acitivty was reduced. Plasma fibrinogen and factor VIII were increased. Factor XII was decreased. Platelet adhesiveness and platelet factor 3 were increased and electrophoretic mobility of platelets reduced. The integrity of platelet plasma membrane and release reaction remained intact. Both arterial and venous ADP levels were low and there was evidence of excessive utilisation of ADP in the pulmonary bed. The findings suggest that sludging of RBCs and formation of thrombi possibly result from these changes, impede the pulmonary blood flow, and aggravate the disease.

Zusammenfassung

An Patienten mit Lungenödem und vergleichbaren Kontrollen in 3700 m Höhe und Personen in Meereshöhe wurden Blutgerinnungsstudien vorgenommen, um die möglichen kausalen Beziehungen zu bestimmen zwischen den Veränderungen der fibrinolytischen Aktivität, den Gerinnungsfaktoren und der Bildung von Thromben im arteriellen und venösen Teil der Alveolarkapillaren und einiger Äste der Pulmonalarterien. Folgende Änderungen wurden gefunden: die fibrinolytische Aktivität war vermindert; Plasmafibrinogen und Faktor VIII waren erhöht; Faktor XII war vermindert; Plättchenklebrigkeit und Plättchenfaktor 3 waren erhöht und die elektrische Beweglichkeit der Plättchen herabgesetzt. Die Plasmamembran der Plättchen und die Release-Reaktion bleiben unbeschädigt. Der arterielle und venöse ATP-Spiegel waren niedrig und es zeigten sich Hinweise auf vermehrte ATP-Utilisation in den Pulmonargefässen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass als Folge der Veränderungen die Erythrozyten träge werden und sich Thromben bilden. Dies hemmt den pulmonalen Blutstrom und verstärkt die Krankheit.

Resume

On a mesuré les différentes propriétés de coagulation du sang de patients atteints d'oedème pulmonaire et de gens en santé (contrôle) et cela aussi bien à 3700 m d'altitude qu'au bord de la mer. Ces essais ont été effectués pour déterminer les relations de cause à effet possibles entre les changements de l'activité fibrinolytique et des facteurs de coagulation du sang d'une part, la formation de thromboses dans les capillaires alvéolaires, les veinules et diverses branches des artères pulmonaires d'autre part. On a alors pu observer les modifications suivantes chez les personnes du premier groupe (malades) : l'activité fibrinolytique est réduite, la fibrinogène du plasma et le facteur VIII sont augmentés, le facteurs XII est diminué, l'adhésivité des plaquettes et le facteur 3 des plaquettes sont augmentés et la mobilité électrophorétique des plaquettes est réduite. L'intégrité des membranes plasmatiques des plaquettes et la réaction de décontraction sont restées inchangées. Le niveau de l'ADP aussi bien artériel que veineux a été très bas ce qui démontre une surconsommation au niveau des poumons. Les résultats obtenus laissent à penser que, par suite des modifications mentionnées, les érythrocytes perdent de leur vitalité et que des thromboses se forment. Ceci a pour conséquence de ralentir le flot sanguin pulmonaire et d'aggraver la maladie.

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Singh, I., Chohan, I.S. Adverse changes in fibrinolysis, blood coagulation and platelet function in high altitude pulmonary oedema and their role in its pathogenesis. Int J Biometeorol 18, 33–45 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01450663

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