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Compression of cerebral vessels by intracranial hypertension I. Dural sinus pressures

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Summary

In the monkey, sagittal sinus pressure is a complex function of cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure; jugular vein pressure is a qualitative measure of cerebral blood flow. In the presence of intracranial hypertension, the response of anterior sagittal sinus pressure to blood flow changes is greatly exaggerated, but there is minimal communication of these large fluctuations in pressure to the transverse sinus and jugular vein. On the basis of these observations, we postulated compression of the sagittal sinus in response to increased intracranial pressure, and evidence is presented to localize maximum compression to the region of the interaural line. Reduction in diameter of cerebral vessels proximal to the sinus also appears to occur with intracranial hypertension, and ultimately, the dynamic interaction of these two factors is responsible for sagittal sinus pressure. In the end stage of cerebral decompensation, when intracranial and arterial tensions are equal, anterior sagittal sinus pressure also approaches the diastolic pressure, indicating nearly total collapse of the sinus.

Zusammenfassung

Beim Affen ist der Druck im Sinus sagittalis in komplexer Weise abhängig vom zerebralen Blutdurchfluß und intrakraniellen Druck; der Jugularvenendruck gibt ein qualitatives Maß für die zerebrale Durchblutung. Bei einer intrakraniellen Drucksteigerung antwortet der Druck im vorderen Sinus sagittalis auf Änderungen der Durchströmung mit erheblichen Veränderungen, doch gibt es nur wenig Beziehungen zwischen diesen erheblichen Druckschwankungen zu den Druckverhältnissen im Sinus transversus und in der Vena jugularis. Auf Grund dieser Beobachtungen vermuteten wir eine Kompession des Sinus sagittalis als Folge der intrakraniellen Drucksteigerung. Es läßt sich beweisen, daß diese Kompression im Bereich der Hinteraurallinie ihr Maximum hat. Es scheint außerdem bei intrakranieller Drucksteigerung zu einer Verminderung des Durchmessers der zerebralen Gefäße proximal des Sinus zu kommen. Aus der Wechselwirkung zwischen diesen beiden Faktoren resultiert der Druck im Sinus sagittalis. Im Endstadium der zerebralen Dekompension, wenn der intrakranielle und der arterielle Druck gleich sind, nähert sich der Druck im Sinus sagittalis dem diastolischen Blutdruck. Das entspricht einem fast vollständigen Kollaps des Sinus.

Résumé

Chez le singe, la pression du sinus sagittal est une fonction complexe du flux sanguin cérébral et de la pression intracrânienne; la pression de la veine jugulaire est la mesure qualitative du flux sanguin cérébral. En présence d'hypertension intracrânienne, la réponse de la pression du sinus sagittal antérieure, aux variations du débit sanguin est grandement exagérée, mais il y a une répercussion minimale de ces grandes fluctuations de pression, au sinus transverse et à la veine jugulaire.

Sur la base de ces observations, nous avons postulé la compression du sinus sagittal en réponse à la pression intracrânienne accrue, et l'évidence fait localiser la compression maximum à la region de la ligne «interaurale». La réduction en calibre, des vaisseaux cérébraux proximaux des sinus, apparaît aussi se produire avec l'hypertension intracrânienne et, dans la phase ultime, l'intéraction dynamique de ces deux facteurs est responsable de la pression du sinus sagittal. Dans le stade final de décompensation cérébrale, quand les tensions intracrânienne et artérielle sont égales, la pression du sinus sagittal antérieur se rapproche aussi de la pression diastolique, indiquant un collapsus presque total du sinus.

Riassunto

Nella scimmia la pressione del seno sagittale é una funzione completa della corrente sanguigna cerebrale e della pressione endocranica; la pressione della vena giugulare é una misura qualitativa della corrente sanguigna cerebrale. In presenza di ipertensione endocranica, la risposta della pressione del seno sagittale anteriore alla corrente sanguigna é fortemente aumentata, però vi é una relazione indiretta tra queste notevoli fluttuazioni della pressione e il seno trasverso e la vena giugulare.

Sembra che per effetto della pressione endocranica si riduca il diametro dei vasi cerebrali in prossimità del seno e che, infine, la interreazione dinamica tra questi due fattori sia responsabile della pressione del seno sagittale.

Nello stadio finale dello scompenso cerebrale, allorchè la tensione endocranica é uguale a quella arteriosa, la pressione del seno sagittale anteriore si avvicina a quella diastolica, indicando il quasi totale collabimento del seno.

Resumen

En el mono la presión del seno sagital es una función compleja del flujo sanguíneo cerebral y de la presión intracraneal; la presión de la vena yugular es la medida cualitativa del flujo sanguíneo cerebral. Cuando existe hipertensión intracraneal la respuesta de la presión del seno sagital anterior con las variaciones del flujo sanguíneo está enormemente aumentada, pero hay una repercusión minima de estas grandes fluctuaciones de la presión, del seno transverso y de la vena yugular.

Basandonos en estas observaciones hemos postulado la compresión del seno sagital en respuesta a la presión intracranial aumentada, y la evidencia hace localizar la compresión máxima en la región de la linea “interneural”. La reducción del calibre de los vasos cerebrales cercanos al seno parece también producirse con la hipertensión intracraneal, y en una ultima fase, la interacción dinámica de estos dos factores es la responsable de la presión del seno sagital. En el estadío final de descompensación cerebral, cuando las tensiones intracraneal y arterial son iguales, la presión del seno sagital anterior se aproxima también a la presión diastólica, indicando un colapso casi total del seno.

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Langfitt, T.W., Weinstein, J.D., Kassell, N.F. et al. Compression of cerebral vessels by intracranial hypertension I. Dural sinus pressures. Acta neurochir 15, 212–222 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01406783

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