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Rib fractures in children — resuscitation or child abuse?

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Summary

The autopsy reports of 233 babies and children aged between 5 days and 7 years, including 190 cases of non-traumatic and 43 cases of traumatic death, were reviewed. In 94 out of 190 cases of death due to natural causes, attempted resuscitation (closed-chest massage) was performed and only in 2 cases could fractures of the ribs localized on both sides in the midclavicular line be observed. In 15 of the 43 cases of death due to traumatic events, fractures mainly of the posterior ends of the ribs occurred. These observations support the published findings of other authors which indicate that fractures of ventral parts of the thorax can occur during resuscitation. Fractures localized in particular in dorsal parts of the chest wall of infants without metabolic bone diseases, however, must be interpreted as a strong indication of physical child abuse. It was observed that relevant injuries due to resuscitation are caused much more frequently or almost exclusively by physicians than by non-medical persons. This finding refutes any possible claims that rib fractures were caused by inexpert resuscitation in a panic-like reaction.

Zusammenfassung

Es wurden die Sektionsprotokolle von 233 Säuglingen und Kindern in einem Alter zwischen 5 Tagen und 7 Jahren ausgewertet (190 Fälle mit nichttraumatischer und 43 Fälle mit traumatischer Todesursache). In 94 der 190 nicht-traumatischen Todesfälle waren Reanimationsmaßnahmen einschließlich Herzdruckmassage durchgeführt worden. Lediglich zweimal war es zu Frakturen der Rippen beidseits in der mittleren Klavikularlinie gekommen, hingegen ließen sich in 15 der 43 Fälle mit traumatischer Todesursache Brüche hauptsächlich der paravertebralen Anteile der Rippen feststellen. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, daß Rippenbrüche bei Säuglingen bzw. Kindern im Rahmen von Wiederbelebungsmaßnahmen ein sehr seltenes Ereignis darstellen und v. a. dorsal lokalisierte Brüche müssen — bei Fehlen von Skeletterkrankungen —als nahezu eindeutige Hinweise auf körperliche Mißhandlung angesehen werden. Die Beobachtung, daß schwerwiegende Reanimationsverletzungen weit überwiegend bzw. nahezu ausschließlich im Rahmen ärztlicher Wiederbelebungsversuche auftreten und nicht von medizinischen Laien gesetzt werden, kann ferner als Argument gegen die mögliche Einlassung, die Verletzungen seien aufgrund von Panik und “Schock” durch die betreuende Person induziert worden, gewertet werden.

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Betz, P., Liebhardt, E. Rib fractures in children — resuscitation or child abuse?. Int J Leg Med 106, 215–218 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01371340

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01371340

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