Abstract
A vortex-ring theory of the superfluid λ-transition is reviewed, and new results are presented for the vortex density and for the superfluid density of helium in confined geometries. Possible experiments using ion probes to detect the thermally excited vortices are discussed. It appears that the usual helium ions are not suitable for this purpose, and that larger ion complexes such as multielectron bubbles will need to be employed. An experiment to stably trap multielectron bubbles with acoustic standing waves is outlined.
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Williams, G.A. Ions, bubbles, and vortices at the superfluid λ-transition. Z. Physik B - Condensed Matter 98, 341–346 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01338402
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01338402