Abstract
This crossover, double-blind study investigated the effects of single oral doses of the prodrug loperamide oxide, which is reduced gradually to loperamide in the intestine, and loperamide on jejunal motor activity in 12 fasting healthy men. Five minutes after a phase III of the migrating motor complex (MMC), 2 mg loperamide oxide, 4 mg loperamide oxide, 4 mg loperamide, or placebo were administered. Thereafter, motor activity 10–30 cm aborad the ligament of Treitz was recorded with five catheter orifices at 3-cm intervals over 4 hr. Number of contractions and area under curve increased significantly with 4 mg loperamide and 4 mg loperamide oxide, the increases with loperamide oxide occurring more gradually. Placebo and 2 mg loperamide oxide had no discernible effects. With both 4 mg loperamide and 4 mg loperamide oxide, phase I of the MMC was slightly prolonged and phase II and the time from drug administration to the onset of the first phase III slightly shortened. The percentage of aborally propagated contractions in phase II increased with all active treatments, whereas the occurrence of phases III was not altered.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS: Loperamide: A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in diarrhoea. Drugs 15:33–52, 1978
Niemegeers CJE, Colpaert FC, Awouters FHL: Pharmacology and antidiarrheal effect of loperamide. Drug Dev Res 1:1–20, 1981
Giagnoni G, Casiraghi L, Senini R, Revel L, Parolaro D, Sala M, Gori E: Loperamide: evidence of interaction with μ and δ opiod receptors. Life Sci 33(suppl 1):315–318, 1983
Van Nueten JM, Schuurkes JAJ: Effect of loperamide on intestinal motility. Clin Res Rev 1(suppl 1):175–185, 1981
Basilisco G, Camboni G, Bozzani A, Paravicini M, Bianchi PA: Oral naloxone antagonizes loperamide-induced delay of orocecal transit. Dig Dis Sci 32:829–832, 1987
Reynolds IJ, Gould RJ, Snyder SH: Loperamide: Blockade of calcium channels as a mechanism for antidiarrheal effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231:628–631, 1984
Burleigh DE: Opioid and non-opioid actions of loperamide on cholinergic nerve function in human isolated colon. Eur J Pharmacol 152:39–46, 1988
Stoll R, Ruppin H, Domschke W: Calmodulin-mediated effects of loperamide on chloride transport by brush border membrane vesicles from human ileum. Gastroenterology 95:69–76, 1988
Michiels M, Hendriks R, Heykants J: Radioimmunoassay of the antidiarrheal loperamide. Life Sci 21:451–460, 1977
Wüster M, Herz A: Opiate agonist action of antidiarrheal agentsin vitro andin vivo—findings in support for selective action. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 301:187–194, 1978
Niemegeers CJE, Awouters F, Lenaerts FM, Artois KSK, Vermeire J: Antidiarrheal specificity and safety of the oxide of loperamide (R 58 425) in rats. Drug Dev Res 8:279–286, 1986
Games PA: Computer programs for robust analyses in multifactor analysis of variance designs. Educ Psychol Measure 35:147–152, 1975
Holm S: A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand J Stat 6:65–70, 1979
Rees WDW, Sharpe GR, Christofides ND, Bloom SR, Turnberg LA: The effects of an opiate agonist and antagonist on the human upper gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Clin Invest 13:221–225, 1983
Palmer KR, Corbett CL, Holdsworth CD: Double-blind cross-over study comparing loperamide, codeine and diphenoxylate in the treatment of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 79:1272–1275, 1980
Megens AAHP, Canters LLJ, Awouters FHL, Niemegeers CJE: Isin vivo dissociation between the antipropulsive and antidiarrheal properties of opioids in rats related to gut selectivity? Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 298:220–229, 1989
Hughes S, Higgs NB, Turnberg LA: Antidiarrhoeal activity of loperamide: studies of its influence on ion transport across rabbit ileal mucosa in vitro. Gut 23:974–979, 1982
Farack UM, Kautz U, Loeschke K: Loperamide reduces the intestinal secretion but not the mucosal cAMP accumulation induced by choleratoxin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 317:178–179, 1981
Sandhu BK, Tripp JH, Candy DCA, Harries JT: Loperamide: studies on its mechanism of action. Gut 22:658–662, 1981
Beubler E, Lembeck F: Inhibition of stimulated fluid secretion in the rat small and large intestine by opiate agonists. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 306:113–118, 1979
Hardcastle J, Hardcastle PT, Read NW, Redfern JS: The action of loperamide in inhibiting prostaglandin-induced intestinal secretion in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 74:563–569, 1981
Hughes S, Higgs NB, Turnberg LA: Loperamide has antisecretory activity in the human jejunumin vivo. Gut 25:931–935, 1984
Hardcastle J, Hardcastle PT, Cookson J: Inhibitory actions of loperamide on absorptive processes in rat small intestine. Gut 27:686–694, 1986
Sarr MG, Kelly KA, Phillips SF: Canine jejunal absorption and transit during interdigestive and digestive motor states. Am J Physiol 239:G167-G172, 1980
Sjövall H, Hagman I, Abrahamsson H: The relationship between interdigestive motility and proximal intestinal fluid absorption in man. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(suppl 1):S107, 1990 (abstract)
Bueno L, Fioramonti J, Ruckebusch Y: Rate of flow of digesta and electrical activity of the small intestine in dogs and sheep. J Physiol (London) 249:69–85, 1975
Kachel G, Ruppin H, Hagel J, Barina W, Meinhardt M, Domschke W: Human intestinal motor activity and transport: Effects of a synthetic opiate. Gastroenterology 90:85–93, 1986
Schiller LR, Santa Ana CA, Morawski SG, Fordtran JS: Mechanism of the antidiarrheal effect of loperamide. Gastroenterology 86:1475–1480, 1984
O'Brien JD, Thompson DG, McIntyre A, Burnham WR, Walker E: Effect of codeine and loperamide on upper intestinal transit and absorption in normal subjects and patients with postvagotomy diarrhoea. Gut 29:312–318, 1988
Sninsky CA, Davis RH, Clench MH, Thomas KD, Mathias JR: Effect of lidamidine hydrochloride and loperamide on gastric emptying and transit of the small intestine. A double-blind study. Gastroenterology 90:68–73, 1986
Sarna SK: Unique motor and myoelectric patterns induced by morphine and loperamide in the small intestine. Gastroenterology 91:1065, 1986 (abstract)
Fioramonti J, Fargeas M-J, Bueno L: Stimulation of gastro-intestinal motility by loperamide in dogs. Dig Dis Sci 32:641–646, 1987
Varner DE, Telford GL, Condon RE, Otterson MF, Sarna SK: Chronic oral administration of the opioid agonist loperamide alters small intestinal myoelectric activity. Gastroenterology 96:A526, 1989 (abstract)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Supported by Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stacher, G., Steinringer, H., Schneider, C. et al. Effects of the prodrug loperamide oxide, loperamide, and placebo on jejunal motor activity. Digest Dis Sci 37, 198–204 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01308172
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01308172