Summary
The digestion of food in the heliozoonActinophrys sol is characterized by several distinct membrane events. Initially, extrusomes expand and fuse with each other and with the plasma membrane providing the membrane for the nascent food vacuole. During this process a—presumably lytic—material is secreted. After complete forming of the food vacuole a second type of vesicles fuses with it, whereupon usually lysis of the prey occurs. After denaturation and coagulation of the food, fluid is removed from the food vacuole. This process is accompanied by a high cytotic activity around the periphery of the food vacuole. Following this step, the perinuclear Golgi region shows an active appearance and numerous lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole. In consequence of this the food is degradated. The food vacuole shrinks continuously. Simultaneously vesicles filled with the digested material pinch off from the food vacuole, the content of which shows a more and more condensed mass of undigestible material. The undigestible residues are defecated eventually.
The process of digestion is accompanied by an increase in volume and number of electron lucent cytoplasmic vacuoles. These vacuoles gradually become filled with a filamentous material starting with the vacuoles in the cell periphery. As the digestion continues, the vacuolar contents become condensed successively. Synchroneously the vacuoles move towards the cell center. After completion of the digestion, the cytoplasmic vacuoles decrease in volume and number and do not show any longer electron dense contents.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen, R. D., 1978: Membranes of ciliates: ultrastructure, biochemistry and fusion. In: Membrane Fusion 1978 (Poste, G.,Nicolson, G. L., eds.), pp. 657–763. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.
Bardele, C. F., 1976: Particle movement in heliozoon axopods associated with lateral displacement of highly ordered membrane domains. Z. Naturforsch.31 c, 190–194.
Bowers, B., Olszewski, T. E., Hyde, J., 1981: Morphometric analysis of volumes and surface areas in membrane compartments during endocytosis inAcanthamoeba. J. Cell Biol.88, 509–515.
Chapman-Andresen, C., 1973: Endocytic Processes. In: The Biology ofAmoeba (Jeon, K. W., ed.), pp. 319–348. New York: Academic Press.
Didier, P., Dragesco, J., 1979: Organisation ultrastructurale du cortex des vacuoles digestives dePhacodinium metchnicoffi (Cilié Heterotriche). Trans. Amer. microsc. Soc.98, 385–392.
Fischer-Defoy, D., Hausmann, K., 1981: Microtubules, microfilaments, and membranes in phagocytosis: structure and function of the oral apparatus of the ciliateClimacostomum virens. Differentiation20, 141–151.
— —, 1982: Ultrastructural characteristics of algal digestion byClimacostomum virens (Ciliata) (Ehrenberg) Stein. Zoomorphology100, 121–130.
Haberey, M., 1973: Die Phagocytose von Oscillatorien durchThecamoeba sphaeronucleolus. II. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung. Arch. Protistenk.115, 111–124.
Hausmann, E., Stockem, W., 1973: Pinocytose und Bewegung von Amöben. XI Das intrazelluläre Verdauungssystem verschiedener Amöbenarten. Cytobiologie7, 55–75.
Hausmann, K., 1978: Extrusive organelles in protists. Int. Rev. Cytol.52, 197–276.
—,Patterson, D. J., 1982: Pseudopod formation and membrane production during prey capture by a heliozoon (Feeding byActinophrys, II). Cell Motil.2, 9–24.
—,Peck, R. K., 1979: The mode of function of the cytopharyngeal basket of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius. Differentiation14, 147–158.
Hausmann, K.,Rüskens, A., 1983: Untersuchungen zur Verdauung beim CiliatenNassula aurea Ehrenberg. Im Druck.
Holtzman, E., 1976: Lysosomes: A survey, pp. 1–298. (Cell Biology Monographs, Vol. 3.) Wien-New York: Springer.
Kitching, J. A., 1956: Food vacuoles. Protoplasmatologia3D 3b, 1–54. Wien: Springer.
Nilsson, J. R., 1979: Phagotrophy inTetrahymena. In: Biochemistry and Physiology of Protozoa (Levandowsky, M., Hutner, S. H., eds.), Vol.2, pp. 339–379. New York: Academic Press.
Patterson, D. J., 1979: On the organization and classification of the protozoon,Actinophrys sol Ehrenberg, 1830. Microbios26, 165–208.
—, 1980: Contractile vacuoles and associated structures: their organization and function. Biol. Rev.55, 1–46.
—,Hausmann, K., 1981: Feeding byActinophrys sol (Protista, Heliozoa): I. Light microscopy. Microbios31, 39–55.
Peck, R. K., Hausmann, K., 1980: Primary lysosomes of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius: cytochemical identification and role in phagocytosis. J. Protozool.27, 401–409.
Pitt, D., 1975: Lysosomes and Cell Function, pp. 1–165. London: Longman.
Rainer, H., 1968: Urtiere, Protozoa. Wurzelfüßler, Rhizopoda, Sonnentierchen, Heliozoa. In: Die Tierwelt Deutschlands (Dahl, M., Peus, F., Hrsg.), Teil 56, pp. 1–176. Jena: Fischer.
Uhlig, G., Komnick, H., Wohlfarth-Bottermann, K.-E., 1965: Intrazelluläre Zellzotten in Nahrungsvakuolen von Ciliaten. Helgol. wiss. Meeresunters.12, 61–77.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Linnenbach, M., Hausmann, K. & Patterson, D.J. Ultrastructural studies on the food vacuole cycle of a heliozoon (Feeding byActinophrys, III). Protoplasma 115, 43–51 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01293579
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01293579