Summary
Glucuronoxylans (GXs), the main hemicellulosic component of hardwoods, are localized exclusively in the secondary wall of Japanese beech and gradually increase during the course of fiber differentiation. To reveal where GXs deposit within secondary wall and how they affect cell wall ultrastructure, immuno-scanning electron microscopy using anti-GXs antiserum was applied in this study. In fibers forming the outer layer of the secondary wall (S1), cellulose fibrils were small in diameter and deposited sparsely on the inner surface of the cell wall. Fine fibrils with approximately 5 nm width aggregated and formed thick fibrils with 12 nm width. Some of these thick fibrils further aggregated to form bundles which labelled positively for GXs. In fibers forming the middle layer of the secondary wall (S2), fibrils were thicker than those found in S1 forming fibers and were densely deposited. The S2 layer labelled intensely for GXs with no preferential distribution recognized. Compared with newly formed secondary walls, previously formed secondary walls were composed of thick and highly packed microfibrils. Labels against GXs were much more prevalent on mature secondary walls than on newly deposited secondary walls. This result implies that the deposition of GXs into the cell wall may occur continuously after cellulose microfibril deposition and may be responsible for the increase in diameter of the microfibrils.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- GXs:
-
glucuronoxylans
- PBS:
-
phosphate-buffered saline
- RFDE:
-
rapid-freeze and deep-etching technique
- FE-SEM:
-
field emission scanning electron microscope
- TEM:
-
transmission electron microscope
References
Ábe H, Ohtani J, Fukazawa K (1991) FE-SEM observation on the microfibrillar orientation in the secondary wall of tracheids. IAWA Bull NS 12: 431–438
— — — (1992) Microflbrillar orientation of the innermost surface of conifer tracheid walls. IAWA Bull NS 13: 411–417
Awano T, Takabe K, Fujita M (1998) Localization of glucuronoxylans in Japanese beech visualized by immunogold-labelling. Protoplasma 202: 213–222
Donaldson LA, Singh AP (1998) Bridge-like structures between cellulose microflbrils in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) kraft pulp and holocellulose. Holzforschung 52: 449–454
Itoh T, Ogawa T (1993) Molecular architecture of the cell wall of poplar cells in suspension culture, as revealed by rapid-freezing and deep-etching techniques. Plant Cell Physiol 34: 1187–1196
Kerr AJ, Goring DAI (1975) The ultrastructural arrangement of the wood cell wall. Cellulose Chem Technol 9: 563–573
Labavich JM, Ray PM (1974) Turnover of cell wall polysaccharides in elongating pea stem segments. Plant Physiol 53: 669–673
McCann MC, Roberts K (1991) Architecture of the primary cell wall. In: Lloyd CW (ed) The cytoskeletal basis of plant growth and form. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 109–129
— — (1994) Change in cell wall architecture during cell elongation. J Exp Bot 45: 1683–1691
McNeil M, Albersheim P, Taiz L, Jones R (1975) The structure of plant cell walls VII: barley aleurone cells. Plant Physiol 55: 64–68
Mora F, Ruel K, Comtat J, Joesleau JP (1986) Aspect of native and redeposited xylans at the surface of cellulose microfibrils. Holzforschung 40: 85–91
Nakashima J, Mizuno T, Takabe K, Fujita M, Saiki H (1997) Direct visualization of lignifying secondary wall thickenings inZinnia elegans cells in culture. Plant Cell Physiol 38: 818–827
Neville AC (1988) A pipe-cleaner molecular model for morphogenesis of helicoidal cell walls based on hemicellulose complexity. J Theor Biol 131: 343–354
Osawa T, Yoshida Y, Tsuzuku F, Nozaka M, Takashio M, Nozaka Y (1999) The advantage of the osmium conductive metal coating for the detection of the colloidal gold-conjugated antibody by SEM. J Electron Microsc 48: 665–669
Osumi M, Yamada N, Kobori H, Yaguchi H (1992) Observation of colloidal gold particles on the surface of yeast protoplasts with UHR-LVSEM. J Electron Microsc 41: 392–396
Pawley J, Albrecht R (1988) Imaging colloidal gold labels in LVSEM. Scanning 10: 184–189
Reis D, Vian B, Roland JC (1994) Cellulose-glucuronoxylans and plant cell wall structure. Micron 25: 171–187
Ruel K, Barnoud F, Goring DAI (1978) Lamellation in the S2 layer of softwood tracheids as demonstrated by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Wood Sci Technol 12: 278–291
Satiat-Jeunemaitre B, Martin B, Hawes C (1992) Plant cell wall architecture is revealed by rapid-freezing and deep etching. Protoplasma 167: 33–42
Suzuki H, Kaneko T, Sakamoto T, Nakagawa M, Miyamoto T, Yamada M, Tanoue K (1994) Redistribution of α-granule membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (Integrin αIIIbβ3) to the surface membrane of human platelets during the release reaction. J Electron Microsc 43: 282–289
—, Baba K, Itoh T, Sone Y (1998) Localization of the xyloglucan in cell walls in a suspension culture of tobacco by rapid-freezing and deep-etching techniques coupled with immunogold labelling. Plant Cell Physiol 39: 1003–1009
Takata K, Akimoto Y (1988) Colloidal gold label observed with a high resolution backscattered electron imaging in mouse lymphocytes. J Electron Microsc 37: 346–350
Terashima N, Fukushima K, He L-F, Takabe K (1993) Comprehensive model of the lignified plant cell wall. In: Jung HG, Buxton DR, Hatfield RD, Ralph J (eds) Forage cell wall structure and digestibility. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis, pp 247–270
Vian B, Brillouet JM, Satiat-Jeunemaitre B (1983) Ultrastructural visualization of xylans in cell walls of hardwood by means of xylanase-gold complex. Biol Cell 49: 179–182
—, Reis D, Mosiniak M, Roland JC (1986) The glucuronoxylans and the helicoidal shift in cellulose microfibrils in linden wood: cytochemistry in muro and on isolated molecules. Protoplasma 131: 185–199
—, Roland JC, Reis D, Mosiniak M (1992) Distribution and possible morphogenetic role of the xylans within the secondary vessel wall of linden wood. IAWA Bull NS 13: 269–282
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Awano, T., Takabe, K., Fujita, M. et al. Deposition of glucuronoxylans on the secondary cell wall of Japanese beech as observed by immuno-scanning electron microscopy. Protoplasma 212, 72–79 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01279348
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01279348