Skip to main content
Log in

Diapause in phytoseiid mites: a review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Experimental & Applied Acarology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review briefly describes characteristics and occurrence of diapause in phytoseiid mites. This is followed by a discussion of factors involved in induction, maintenance and termination of diapause (e.g. photoperiod, temperature and food availability), of the physiological mechanism of diapause induction (photoperiodic perception and comparison of photoperiodic and thermoperiodic induction mechanisms), and of applied aspects of diapause in phytoseiid mites.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, N.H. and Morgan, C.V.G., 1958. The role ofTyphlodromus spp. in British Columbia apple orchards. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Entomology, Montreal (1956), 4: 659–665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashihara, W., Inoue, K., Osakabe, M. and Henmi, T. 1987. Hibernation of the Kanzawa spider mite,Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acarina: Tetranychidae) and its predators in grapevine glasshouses. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 31: 23–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Begljarov, G.A. and Ushchekhov, A.T., 1972. Ecology of the predatory mitePhytoseiulus persimilis A.-H., and its effectiveness in practical application in the U.S.S.R. Zesz. Probl. Postepow Nauk Roln., 129: 93–102 (in Russian, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boczek, J., Dabrowski, Z.T. and Kapala, T., 1970. Studies on the hibernation of phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in orchards. Zesz. Probl. Postepow Nauk Roln., 109: 43–64 (in Polish, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhm, H., 1960. Untersuchungen über Spinnmilbenfeinde in Österreich. Pflanzenschutsberichte, 25: 23–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrell, R.W. and McCormick, W.J., 1964.Typhlodromus andAmblyseius (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) as predators on orchard mites. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 57: 483–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caltagirone, L.E., 1970. Overwintering sites forMetaseiulus occidentalis in peach orchards. J. Econ. Entomol., 63: 340–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chant, D.A., 1959a. Observations sur la famille des Phytoseiidae. Acarologia, 1: 11–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chant, D.A., 1959b. Phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Part I. Bionomics of seven species in southeastern England. Part II. A taxonomic review of the family Phytoseiidae, with descriptions of 38 new species. Can. Entomol., Suppl. 12, 91: 1–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chant, D.A., 1963. Some mortality factors and the dynamics of orchard mites. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can., 32: 33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlet, L.D. and McMurtry, J.A., 1977a. Systematics and bionomics of predacious and phytophagous mites associated with pine foliage in California. II. Population dynamics of mites on three species of pines in the Forest Falls area of the San Bernardino Mountains. Hilgardia, 45: 211–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlet, L.D. and McMurtry, J.A., 1977b. Systematics and bionomics of predacious and phytophagous mites associated with pine foliage in California. III. Laboratory studies on the biology of the phytoseiidsMetaseiulus validus (Chant) andTyphloseiopsis pini (Chant). Hilgardia, 45: 223–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collyer, E., 1956. Notes on the biology of some predacious mites on fruit trees in south-eastern England. Bull. Entomol. Res., 47: 205–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collyer, E., 1964. A summary of experiments to demonstrate the role ofTyphlodromus pyri Scheut. in the control ofPanonychus ulmi (Koch) in England. Acarologia, fascicule hors série, pp. 363–371.

  • Collyer, E., 1976. Integrated control of apple pests in New Zealand. 6. Incidence of European red mite,Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and its predators. N.Z.J. Zool., 3: 39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croft, B.A., 1971. Comparative studies on four strains ofTyphlodromus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). V. Photoperiodic induction of diapause. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 64: 962–964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croft, B.A., 1976. Establishing insecticide-resistant phytoseiid mite predators in deciduous tree fruit orchards. Entomophaga, 21: 383–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croft, B.A. and Barnes, M.M., 1972. Comparative studies on four strains ofTyphlodromus occidentalis. VI. Persistence of insecticide-resistant strains in an apple orchard ecosystem. J. Econ. Entomol., 65: 211–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danks, H.V., 1987. Insect Dormancy: An Ecological Perspective. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, 440 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, M., 1988. Prey preference of the phytoseiid miteTyphlodromus pyri. 1. Response to volatile kairomones. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 4: 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, M. and Groeneveld, A., 1986. Hierarchical structure in kairomone preference of the predatory miteAmblyseius potentillae: dietary component indispensable for diapause induction affects prey location behaviour. Ecol. Entomol., 11: 131–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, M., Sabelis, M.W. and Groeneveld, A., 1986. Vitamin A deficiency modifies response of predatory miteAmblyseius potentillae to volatile kairomone of two-spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae. J. Chem. Ecol., 12: 1389–1396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, M., de Jong, M., Alers, M.P.T., Stelder, F.C.T., Wunderink, R. and Post, J., 1989. Quality control of mass-reared arthropods: nutritional effects on performance of predatory mites. J. Appl. Entomol., 108: 462–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, M., Sabelis, M.W., de Jong, M. and Alers, M.P.T., 1990. Do phytoseiid mites select the best prey species in terms of reproductive success? Exp. Appl. Acarol., 8: 161–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dosse, G., 1955. Aus der Biologie der RaubmilbeTyphlodromus cucumeris Oud. (Acar., Phytoseiidae). Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzenschutz, 62: 593–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dosse, G., 1957. Über einige Faktoren, die den Aufbau einerTyphlodromus-Population bestimmen (Acar., Phytoseiidae). Anz. Schädlingskd., 30: 23–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dosse, G., 1958. Über die phytophagen und räuberischen Milben im südwestdeutschen Raum. Tagungsberichte, 17: 9–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dosse, G., 1967. Schadmilben des Libanons und ihre Prädatoren. Z. Angew. Entomol., 59: 16–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downing, R.S. and Moilliet, T.K., 1971. Occurrence of phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in apple orchards in south central British Columbia. J. Entomol. Soc. B.C., 68: 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duso, C., 1989. Role of the predatory mitesAmblyseius aberrans (Oud.),Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten andAmblyseius andersoni (Chant) (Acari, Phytoseiidae) in vineyards. J. Appl. Entomol., 107: 474–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Banhawy, E.M., 1977. Effect of photoperiod, light intensity and temperature on the development and reproduction of the predacious miteAmblyseius brazilli (Mesostigmata, Phytoseiidae). Rev. Bras. Biol., 37: 579–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, R.P., 1978. Control of the two-spotted mite in a Victorian peach orchard with an introduced insecticide-resistant strain of the predatory miteTyphlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Aust. J. Zool., 26: 519–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, R.P. and Hoy, M.A., 1985. Diapause behavior of genetically-improved strains of the spider mite predatorMetaseiulus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Entomol. Exp. Appl., 38: 113–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, R.P. and Hoy, M.A., 1986. Evaluation of genetically improved strains ofMetaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) for integrated control of spider mites on roses in greenhouses. Hilgardia, 54: 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer-Colbrie, P. and El-Borolossy, M., 1988. Nebenwirkungen von Winter-und Austriebbe-handlungen auf Raubmilbenpopulationen in Apfelbäumen. Pflanzenschutzberichte, 49: 125–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, J.D. and Solomon, M.G., 1991. Diapause induction and duration in the phytoseiid miteTyphlodromus pyri. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 12: 135–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flaherty, D.L. and Huffaker, C.B., 1970. Biological control of Pacific mites and Willamette mites in San Joaquin Valley vineyards. I. Role ofMetaseiulus occidentalis. Hilgardia, 40: 267–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Genini, M., Klay A., Delucchi, V., Baillod, M. and Baumgärtner, J., 1983. Les espèces de Phytoséiides (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) dans les vergers de pommier en Suisse. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges., 56: 45–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilstrap, F.E., Summy, K.R. and Friese, D.D., 1979. The temporal phenology ofAmblyseius scyphus, a natural predator of Banks grass mite in west Texas. Southwest. Entomol., 4: 27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamamura, T., 1982. Studies on the diapause of the predacious mite,Amblyseius longispinosus (Evans) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Stn. E, 4: 77–88 (in Japanese, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamamura, T., Shinkaji, N. and Ashihara, W., 1976. Studies on the hibernation ofPhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Stn. E, 1: 127–133 (in Japanese, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamamura, T., Shinkaji, N. and Ashihara, W., 1978. Studies on the low temperature storage ofPhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Stn. E, 2: 83–90 (in Japanese, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodek, I., 1983. Role of environmental factors and endogenous mechanisms in the seasonality of reproduction in insects diapausing as adults. In: V.K. Brown and I. Hodek (Editors), Diapause and Life Cycle Strategies in Insects. Junk, the Hague, pp. 9–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, M.A., 1975a. Effect of temperature and photoperiod on the induction of diapause in the miteMetaseiulus occidentalis. J. Insect Physiol., 21: 605–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, M.A., 1975b. Diapause in the miteMetaseiulus occidentalis: stages sensitive to photoperiodic induction. J. Insect Physiol., 21: 745–751.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, M.A., 1984. Genetic improvement of a biological control agent: Multiple pesticide resistance and nondiapause inMetaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Phytoseiidae). In: D.A. Griffiths and C.E. Bowman (Editors), Acarology VI, Vol. 2. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp. 673–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, M.A. and Flaherty, D.L., 1970. Photoperiodic induction of diapause in a predaceous mite,Metaseiulus occidentalis. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 63: 960–963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, M.A. and Flaherty, D.L., 1975. Diapause induction and duration in vineyard-collectedMetaseiulus occidentalis. Environ. Entomol., 4: 262–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussey, N.W. and Huffaker, C.B., 1976. Spider mites. In: V.L. Delucchi (Editor), Studies in Biological Control. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 179–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivancich-Gambaro, P., 1975. Observations on the biology and behaviour of the predaceous miteTyphlodromus italicus (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in peach orchards. Entomophaga, 20: 171–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, D.G., 1988. Reproductive diapause inTyphlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) from southern New South Wales. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 27: 55–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, D.G., 1989. Overwintering ofAmblyseius victoriensis Womersley (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in southern New South Wales. Gen. Appl. Entomol., 21: 51–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D.T. and Croft, B.A., 1981. Dispersal ofAmblyseius fallacis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in an apple ecosystem. Environ. Entomol., 4: 262–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapetanakis, E.G., Warman, T.M. and Cranham, J.E., 1986. Effects of permethrin sprays on the mite fauna of apple orchards. Ann. Appl. Biol., 108: 21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashio, T., and Tanaka, M., 1980. Some experiments in diapause of the predacious miteAmblyseius deleoni Muma and Denmark (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Stn. D, 2: 83–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennett, C.E., 1958. Some predacious mites of the subfamilies Phytoseiinae and Aceosejinae (Acarina: Phytoseiidae, Aceosejidae) from central California with descriptions of new species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 51: 471–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knisley, C.B. and Swift, F.C., 1971. Biological studies ofAmblyseius umbraticus (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 64: 813–822.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kropczynska, D., 1970. Biology and ecology of the predatory miteTyphlodromus finlandicus (Oud.) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Zesz. Probl. Postepow Nauk Roln., 109: 11–42 (in Polish, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M.S. and Davis, D.W., 1968. Life history and behavior of the predatory miteTyphlodromus occidentalis in Utah. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 61: 251–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leetham, A.W. and Jorgensen, C.D., 1969. Overwintering phytoseiid mites in central Utah apple orchards. Great Basin Nat., 29: 96–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacPhee, A.W., 1963. The effect of low temperatures on some predacious phytoseiid mites, and on the brown miteBryobia arborea M. & A. Can. Entomol., 95: 41–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurtry, J.A. and Flaherty, D.L., 1977. An ecological study of phytoseiid and tetranychid mites on walnut in Tulare County, California. Environ. Entomol., 6: 287–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurtry, J.A. and Johnson, H.G., 1966. An ecological study of the spider miteOligonychus punicae (Hirst) and its natural enemies. Hilgardia, 37: 363–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurtry, J.A., Huffaker, C.B. and van de Vrie, M., 1970. I. Tetranychid enemies: their biological characters and the impact of spray practices. Hilgardia, 40: 331–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurtry, J.A., Mahr, D.L. and Johnson, H.G., 1976. Geographic races in the predacious mite,Amblyseius potentillae (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Int. J. Acarol., 2: 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morewood, W.D. and Gilkeson, L.A., 1991. Diapause induction in the thrips predatorAmblyseius cucumeris (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) under greenhouse conditions. Entomophaga, 36: 253–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori, H. and Saitô, Y., 1979. Biological control ofTetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) populations by three species of phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Univ., 59: 303–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muma, M.H., 1955. Phytoseiidae (Acarina) associated with citrus in Florida. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 48: 262–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicotina, M. and Viggiani, G., 1985. Distribuzione e densita stagionali delle popolazioni degli acari fitoseide in noccioleti della Campania. Atti XIV Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, Palermo, Erice, Bagheria, pp. 729–731.

  • Overmeer, W.P.J., 1985. Diapause. In: W. Helle and M.W. Sabelis (Editors), Spider Mites. Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 1B. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 95–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overmeer, W.P.J. and van Zon, A.Q., 1983. The effect of different kinds of food on the induction of diapause in the predacious miteAmblyseius potentillae. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 33: 27–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overmeer, W.P.J., Nelis, H.J.C.F., de Leenheer, A.P., Calis, J.N.M. and Veerman, A., 1989. Effect of diet on the photoperiodic induction of diapause in three species of predatory mite,Amblyseius potentillae, A. cucumeris andTyphlodromus pyri. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 7: 281–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penman, D.R. and Chapman, R.B., 1980. Integrated control of apple pests in New Zealand. 17. Relationships ofAmblyseius fallacis to phytophagous mites in an apple orchard. N.Z.J. Zool., 7: 281–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putman, W.L., 1959. Hibernation sites of phytoseiids (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Ontario peach orchards. Can. Entomol., 91: 735–741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putman, W.L., 1962. Life-history and behaviour of the predacious miteTyphlodromus (T.) caudiglans Schuster (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Ontario, with notes on the prey of related species. Can. Entomol., 94: 163–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putman, W.L. and Herne, D.C., 1964. Relations betweenTyphlodromus caudiglans Schuster (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) and phytophagous mites in Ontario peach orchards. Can Entomol., 96: 925–943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragusa, S., 1980. I fitoseidi (Acarina, Mesostigmata): Improtanza nel controllo degli acari fitofagi. Atti XII Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, Rome, Vol. II: 327–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rishi, N.D. and Rather, A.Q., 1983. Life-cycle of phytophagous miteTetranychus urticae Koch and its predatory miteAmblyseius finlandicus Oudemans, together with effect of certain acaricides/ fungicides on them. J. Entomol. Res., 7: 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rock, G.C., Yeargan, D.R. and Rabb, R.L., 1971. Diapause in the phytoseiid mite,Neoseiulus (T.) fallacis. J. Insect Physiol., 17: 1651–1659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roush, R.T. and Hoy, M.A., 1981. Laboratory, glasshouse, and field studies of artificially selected carbaryl resistance inMetaseiulus occidentalis J. Econ. Entomol., 74: 142–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapozhnikova, F.D., 1964. Photoperiodic response of the miteTyphlodromus (Amblyseius) similis (C.L.Koch) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Zool. Zh., 43: 1140–1144 (in Russian, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapozhnikova, F.D., 1967. Biological peculiarities of some species of predatory mites, living in orchards. Dissertation Abstract. Vsesoyuznaya Akademiya Selskokchozyaistvennich Nauk imeni V.I.Lenina, Leningrad, pp. 1–15 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, D.S., 1982. Insect Clocks, second edition. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 409 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.C. and Newsom, L.D., 1970. The biology ofAmblyseius fallacis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) at various temperature and photoperiod regimes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 63: 460–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, F.C., 1987. Diapause induction inAmblyseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Environ. Entomol., 16: 72–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, K. and Mori, H., 1979. Studies on overwintering ofAmblyseius longispinosus Evans (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Hokkaido Daigaku Nogakubu Hobun Kiyo, 11: 258–264 (in Japanese, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tauber, M.J., Tauber, C.A. and Masaki, S., 1986. Seasonal Adaptations of Insects. Oxford University Press, New York, 411 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Geest, L.P.S., Overmeer, W.P.J. and van Zon, A.Q., 1991. Cold-hardiness in the predatory miteAmblyseius potentillae (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol., 11: 167–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Vrie, M., 1963. Observations on the ecology of predatory mites (Phytoseiidae) on fruit trees. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges., 36: 54–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Vrie, M., 1964. The distribution of phytophagous and predacious mites on leaves and shoots of apple trees. Entomophaga, 9: 233–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Houten, Y.M., 1989. Photoperiodic control of adult diapause in the predacious mite,Amblyseius potentillae: repeated diapause induction and termination. Physiol. Entomol., 14: 341–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Houten, Y.M., 1990. Comparative analysis of the photoperiodic and thermoperiodic induction of diapause in the predatory miteAmblyseius potentillae. PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam, 93 pp.

  • Van Houten, Y.M., 1991. Diapause induction in the thrips predatorsAmblyseius barkeri andAmblyseius cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Dutch greenhouses. Proceedings of the Netherlands Entomological Society, Experimental and Applied Entomology, Vol. 2, pp. 202–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Houten, Y.M. and Veenendaal, R.L., 1990. Effects of photoperiod, temperature, food and relative humidity on the induction of diapause in the predatory miteAmblyseius potentillae. Exp. Appl. Acarol, 10: 111–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Houten, Y.M. and Veerman, A., 1990. Photoperiodism and thermoperiodism in the predatory miteAmblyseius potentillae are probably based on the same mechanism. J. Comp. Physiol. A, 167: 201–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Houten, Y.M., Overmeer, W.P.J. and Veerman, A., 1987. Thermoperiodically induced diapause in a mite in constant darkness is vitamin A dependent. Experientia, 43: 933–935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Houten, Y.M., Overmeer, W.P.J., van Zon, A.Q. and Veerman, A., 1988. Thermoperiodic induction of diapause in the predacious mite,Amblyseius potentillae. J. Insect Physiol., 34: 285–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Houten, Y.M., Bruin, J. and Veerman, A., 1991. Repeated induction and termination of diapause in the predacious miteAmblyseius potentillae (Garman) (Phytoseiidae) In: R. Schuster and P.W. Murphy (Editors), The Acari: Reproduction, Development and Life-History Strategies. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 267–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Zon, A.Q., Overmeer, W.P.J. and Veerman, A., 1981. Carotenoids function in photoperiodic induction of diapause in a predacious mite. Science, 213: 1131–1133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaz, Nunes, M., Koveos, D.S. and Veerman, A., 1990. Geographical variation in photoperiodic induction of diapause in the spider mite (Tetranychus urticae): a causal relation between critical nightlength and circadian period? J. Biol. Rhythms, 5: 47–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veerman, A., 1985. Diapause. In: W. Helle and M.W. Sabelis (Editors), Spider Mites. Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 1A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 279–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veerman, A., 1991. Physiological aspects of diapause in plant inhabiting mites. In: R. Schuster and P.W. Murphy (Editors), The Acari: Reproduction, Development and Life-History Strategies. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 245–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veerman, A. and Vaz Nunes, M., 1987. Analysis of the operation of the photoperiodic counter provides evidence for hourglass time measurment in the spider miteTetranychus urticae. J. Comp. Physiol. A, 160: 421–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veerman, A., Overmeer, W.P.J., van Zon, A.Q., de Boer, J.M., de Waard, E.R. and Huisman, H.O., 1983. Vitamin A is essential for photoperiodic induction of diapause in an eyeless mite. Nature, 302: 248–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watve, C.M. and Lienk, S.E., 1976. Resistance to carbaryl and six organophosphate insecticides ofAmblyseius fallacis andTyphlodromus pyri from New York apple orchards Environ. Entomol., 5: 368–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wysoki, M., 1974. Studies on diapause and the resistance to low temperatures of a predacious mite,Phytoseius finitimus, (Mesostigmata, Phytoseiidae). Entomol. Exp. Appl., 17: 22–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wysoki, M. and Swirski, E., 1971a. Studies on overwintering of predacious mites of the generaAmblyseius BerleseTyphlodromus Scheuten andIphiseius Berlese (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Israel. In: Entomological Essays to Commemorate the Retirement of Prof K. Yasumatsu. Hokuryukan Publishing Company, Tokyo, pp. 265–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wysoki, M. and Swirski, E., 1971b. Studies on overwintering of predacious mites of the generaSeiulus Berlese andPhytoseius Ribaga in Israel. Israel J. Entomol., 6: 55–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousef, A.A., El-keifl, A.H. and Metwally, A.M., 1982. Zur Wirkung von Temperatur and Photoperiode auf die Entwicklung, Ernährung und Eiablage der RaubmilbeAmblyseius swirski Ath.-Henr. (Acari, Gamasida, Phytoseiidae). Anz. Schädlingskd. Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz, 55: 107–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacharda, M., 1989. Seasonal history ofTyphlodromus pyri (Acari: Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) in a commercial apple orchard in Czechoslovakia. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 6: 307–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaher, M.A., Wafa, A.K. and Shehata, K.K., 1969. Life history of the predatory mitePhytoseius plumifer and the effect of nutrition on its biology (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Entomol. Exp. Appl., 12: 383–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaslavski, V.A., 1988. Insect Development: Photoperiodic and Temperature Control. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg 187 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Veerman, A. Diapause in phytoseiid mites: a review. Exp Appl Acarol 14, 1–60 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01205351

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01205351

Keywords

Navigation