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Variscan granitoids of central Europe: their typology, potential sources and tectonothermal relations

Die variszischen granitoide mitteleuropas: Typologie, potentielle quellen und tektonothermische Zusammenhänge

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Summary

During the Variscan orogenic cycle, central Europe was intruded by numerous granitoid plutons. Typological and age relationships show that the characteristics of the granitoid magmatism changed during the course of the Variscan orogeny. Five genetic groups of granitoids may be distinguished:

  1. 1.

    Late Devonian to early Carboniferous “Cordilleras” I-type granitoids (ca. 370-340 Ma): These early Variscan granitoids are mainly tonalites and granodiorites. They often have hornblende and occur in association with diorites and gabbros. They form plutonic massifs in the Saxothuringian unit, in Central Bohemia and the intra-Alpine Variscides. In terms of existing models, they can be interpreted as volcanic arc granites, being related to the subduction of early Variscan oceans. Models involving mantle sources and AFC may be feasible.

  2. 2.

    Early Carboniferous, deformed S-type granite/migmatite associations (ca. 340 Ma): These occur in the footwall of a thick thrust in Southern Bohemia (Gföhl nappe) and seem to represent a phase of water-present, syn-collisional crustal melting related to nappe stacking.

  3. 3.

    Late Visean and early Namurian S-type and high-K, I-type granitoids (ca. 340-310 Ma): These granitoids are mainly granitic in composition and particularly abundant along the central axis of the orogen (Moldanubian unit). This zone experienced a high heat flow at this time, probably as a consequence of post-collisional extension and magmatic underplating. Most of group 3 granitoids formed through high-T fluid-absent melting in the lower crust. Enriched mantle melts interacted with some crustal magmas on a local scale to form durbachites. Partial melting events in the middle crust produced a number of high-T/low-P, S- and I-type diatexites and some S-type granite magmas.

  4. 4.

    Post-collisional, epizonal I-type granodiorites and tonalites (ca. 310-290 Ma): These plutons can be found throughout the Central European Variscides. However, most of them occur in the Alps (near the southern flank of the orogen). Such late I-type plutons could be related to renewed subduction along the southern fold belt flank, and/or to extensional decompression melting near the crust/mantle boundary. Post-collisional mantle or slab melting may have occurred in connection with remnant subduction zones below the orogen undergoing thermal relaxation and dehydration.

  5. 5.

    Late Carboniferous to Permian leucogranites (ca. 300-250 Ma): Many of these rocks are similar to sub-alkaline A-type granites. Potential sources for this final stage of plutonism could have been melt-depleted lower crust or lithospheric mantle.

Zusammenfassung

Im Verlauf der variszischen Orogenese intrudierten im mitteleuropäischen Raum große Massen von Granitoiden. Eine Bewertung geochronologischer and granittypologischer Daten zeigt, daß sich die Magmencharakteristik mit der Zeit verändert hat. Fünf Hauptgruppen von Granitoiden können unterschieden werden:

  1. 1.

    I-Typ Granitoide des sädten Devon and fruhen Karbon (ca. 370-340 Ma): Es handelt sich dabei durchwegs um I-Typ Tonalite and Granodiorite, welche häufig Hornblende fühen. Typisch für these Plutone ist die Präsenz gabbroischer oder dioritischer Endglieder. Eine Magmenentstehung aus Mantelquellen mit Modifikation durch AFC und eine genetische Verbindung zu frühvariszischen Subduktionszonen ist denkbar.

  2. 2.

    Syntektonische S-Typ Granite and Migmatite (ca. 340 Ma): Große Massen solcher Granitoide treten im Deckenstapel der südlichen Böhmischen Masse auf. Sie repräsentieren wassergesättigte, syn-kollisionale Krustenschmelzen, die sich in der Nähe von tektonischen Überschiebungsbahnen gebildet haben.

  3. 3.

    S-Typ and kalireiche L-Typ Granitoide des spdten Vise and fruhen Namur (ca. 340-310 Ma): Diese Plutone haben in der Regel granitische Zusammensetzung und intrudierten vornehmlich in der moldanubischen Zentralzone des Orogens. Die dortige kontinentale Kruste war zu dieser Zeit einem extrem hohen Wärmefluß ausgesetzt, der vermutlich durch postkollisionale Extension mit rascher Krustenhebung und magmatischem „underplating” verursacht wurde. Die meisten dieser Granite bildeten sich durch Dehydratationsschmelzen der Unterkruste aus Paragneisen und eventuell auch intermediären kaliumreichen Orthogneisen. Einige wenige Plutone zeigen Interaktionen mit mafischen Magmen, die aus einem angereicherten Lithosphärenmantel stammen (Durbachite). Schmelzprozesse in der mittleren Kruste führten weiträumig zur Bildung von Migmatiten mit grßgen Anteilen an S-Typ and I-Typ Diatexiten.

  4. 4.

    Postkollisionale, epizonale I-Typ Granodiorite and Tonalite (ca. 310-290 Ma): Die Hauptverbreitung dieser Plutone liegt in den Alpen. Eine genetische Verbindung zu einer spätvariszischen Subduktionszone am Variszikums-Siidrand erscheint möglich. Andererseits könnte auch die bloße Reaktivierung and Dehydratation von alten (frühvariszischen) Subduktionszonen unter dem Orogen die Produktion entsprechender I-Typ Magmen bewirkt haben, ebenso wie ein postkollisionales Druckentlastungsschmelzen von I-Typ Quellen im Bereich der Krusten-Mantel Grenze ohne Subduktionzusammenhang.

  5. 5.

    Leukogranite des sädten Karbon and Perm (ca. 300-250 Ma): Viele dieser Plutone zeigen Eigenschaften von A-Typ Graniten. Die entsprechenden Magmen sind vermutlich durch Schmelzprozesse in einer restitischen Unterkruste oder im lithosphärischen Mantel entstanden.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Mineralogie, Universität Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria

    F. Finger, M. P. Roberts, B. Haunschmid & A. Schermaier

  2. Institut für Geologie and Paläontologie, Universitat Salzburg, Hellsbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria

    H. P. Steyrer

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  1. F. Finger
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  2. M. P. Roberts
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  3. B. Haunschmid
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  4. A. Schermaier
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  5. H. P. Steyrer
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Finger, F., Roberts, M.P., Haunschmid, B. et al. Variscan granitoids of central Europe: their typology, potential sources and tectonothermal relations. Mineralogy and Petrology 61, 67–96 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172478

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172478

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