Combustion synthesis of titanium carbide: Theory and experiment

Abstract

The combustion synthesis of titanium carbide from elemental powders has been theoretically and experimentally studied as a model system for self -propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) of refractory compounds. Calculations of the adiabatic temperature of combustion of graphite and titanium powders to form TiC _x have been made to show the effects of stoichiometry, dilution and the initial temperature of the reactants. Experimental observations on the stability of the combustion front, combined with theoretical predictions, lead to an estimated activation energy of ≤ 117 kJ mol⁻¹ for the process. This value is at least a factor of about four too low to correspond to a diffusion-controlled process. The combustion of graphite and titanium powders was accompanied by the evolution of gases whose primary constituent was found to be hydrogen. This observation was attributed to the reaction of adsorbed moisture with titanium powder. The titanium carbide phase resulting from the combustion of compacted mixed powders of the elements was highly porous (∼ 50% porosity). It can be obtained in high density (∼5% porosity) when pressure is applied during the combustion process.