Abstract
The development of membrane bioenergetic studies during the last 25 years has clearly demonstrated the validity of the Mitchellian chemiosmotic H+ cycle concept. The circulation of H+ ions was shown to couple respiration-dependent or light-dependent energy-releasing reactions to ATP formation and performance of other types of membrane-linked work in mitochondria, chloroplasts, some bacteria, tonoplasts, secretory granules and plant and fungal outer cell membranes. A concrete version of the direct chemiosmotic mechanism, in which H+ potential formation is a simple consequence of the chemistry of the energy-releasing reaction, is already proved for the photosynthetic reaction centre complexes.
Recent progress in the studies on chemiosmotic systems has made it possible to extend the coupling-ion principle to an ion other than H+. It was found that, in ceertain bacteria, as well as in the outer membrane of the animal cell, Na+ effectively substitutes for H+ as the coupling ion (the chemiosmotic Na+ cycle). A precedent is set when the Na+ cycle appears to be the only mechanism of energy production in the bacterial cell. In the more typical case, however, the H+ and Na+ cycles coexist in one and the same membrane (bacteria) or in two diffeerent membranes of one and the same cell (animals). The sets of\(\Delta \bar \mu H^ + \) and\(\Delta \bar \mu Na^ + \) generators as well as\(\Delta \bar \mu H^ + \) and\(\Delta \bar \mu Na^ + \) consumers found in different types of biomembranes, are listed and discussed.
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Skulachev, V.P. Chemiosmotic systems in bioenergetics: H+-cycles and Na+-cycles. Biosci Rep 11, 387–444 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01130214
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01130214