Abstract
How rational people are is a question of interest to social sciences, public policy, and all educated persons. The answer depends, in part, on how widely or narrowly one defines the term. Wide definitions tend to make the term tautological. By narrow definitions, the recent evidence that people act rationally is not overwhelming and evidence that they frequently act on impulse or out of habit, considerable. This points to a binary approach, one that will take into account both kinds of behavior. The specific ways the two approaches may be combined are beginning to be discerned.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abelson, R. P. 1976 “Social psychology's rational man.” In S. I. Benn and G. W. Mortimore (eds.), Rationality and the Social Sciences. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Barzel, Y. andE. Silberberg 1973 “Is the act of voting rational?” Public Choice 16:51.
Barry, B. 1978 Sociologists, Economists and Democracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
Baumol, W. J. andR. E. Quandt 1964 “Rules of thumb and optimally imperfect decisions.” American Economic Review 54:23.
Beyleveld, D. 1982 “Ehrlich's analysis of deterrence.” British Journal of Criminology 22:101.
Blau, P. 1964 Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley.
Bohm, P. 1972 “Estimating demand for public goods: An experiment.” European Economic Review 3:111.
Bosworth, B. P. 1984 “Tax Incentives and Economic Growth. Washington, DC: Brookings.
Bowers, W. J. andG. L. Pierce 1975 “The illusion of deterrence in Isaac Ehrlich's research on capital punishment.” Yale Law Journal 85:187.
Brubaker, E. R. 1975 “Free ride, free revelation, or golden rule.” Journal of Law and Economics 18:147.
Cheal, D. J. 1984 “Wedding gifts and the making of money.” Paper presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Antonio, TX, 27–31 August.
1985 Winnepeg Area Study Report No. 5. Winnepeg, Canada: University of Winnepeg.
Clonniger, D. O. 1982 “Moral and systematic risk: A rationale for unfair business practices.” The Journal of Behavioral Economics 11:33.
Colander, D. C., ed. 1984 Neoclassical Political Economy: The Analysis of Rent-Seeking and DUP Activities. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Collard, D. 1976 Altruism and Economy: A Study in Non-Selfish Economics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cook, P. J. 1977 “Punishment and crime: A critique of current findings concerning the preventive effects of punishment.” Law and Contemporary Problems 41:164.
Cyert, R. M. andJ. G. March 1963 A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Dawes, R. M. 1976 “Shallow psychology.” In J. S. Carroll and J. W. Payne (eds.), Cognition and Social Behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Derlega, V. J. andJ. Grzelak, eds. 1982 Cooperation and Helping Behavior: Theories and Research. New York: Academic Press.
1973 “Participation in illegitimate activities: A theoretical and empirical investigation.” Journal of Political Economy 81:521.
1975a “The deterrent effect of capital punishment: A question of life and death.” American Economic Review 165:397.
1975b “Deterrence: Evidence and inference.” Yale Law Journal 85:209.
1977a “Capital punishment and deterrence: Some further thoughts and additional evidence.” Journal of Political Economy 85:741.
1977b “The deterrent effect of capital punishment: Reply.” American Economic Review 67:452.
Engel, J., D. Kollat, andR. Blackwell 1968 Consumer Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1985 “Guidance rules and rational decision making.” Social Science Quarterly 66:755.
1986 “Rationality is anti-entropic.” Journal of Economic Psychology 7:17.
Fellner, C. H. andJ. R. Marshall 1968 “Twelve kidney donors.” Journal of the American Medical Association 206:2703.
Goodin, R. E. 1980 “Making moral incentives pay.” Policy Science 12:131.
Granovetter, Mark 1985 “Economic action and social structure: A theory of embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91:481–510.
Grasmick, H. andD. E. Green 1981 “Deterrence and the morally committed.” The Sociological Quarterly 22:1.
Hansen, F. 1972 Consumer Choice Behavior: A Cognitive Theory. New York: Free Press.
Hirchleifer, J. 1985 “The expanding domain of economics.” American Economic Review 75:53.
Homans, G. C. 1961 Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. New York: Harcourt.
Hornstein, H. A. 1976 Cruelty and Kindness. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hornstein, H. A., E. Fisch, andM. Holmes 1968 “Influence of a model's feeling about his behavior and his relevance as a comparison other on observers' helping behavior.” Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 10:222.
Hornstein, H. A., H. N. Mason, K. Sole, andM. Heilman 1971 “Effects of sentiment and completion of a helping act on observer helping: A case for socially mediated Zeigarnik effects.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17:107.
Houthakker, H. S. andI. D. Taylor 1970 Consumer Demand in the United States, 2d ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Izard, C. E., J. Kagan, andR. B. Zajonc, eds. 1984 Emotion, Cognition and Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Jacoby, J. andR. W. Chestnut 1978 Brand Loyalty Measurement and Management. New York: Wiley.
Janis, I. andL. Mann 1977 Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice and Commitment. New York: The Free Press.
Kagel, J. H. et al. 1975 “Experimental studies of consumer behavior using laboratory animals.” Economic Inquiry 13:22.
Kahneman, D., P. Slovic, andA. Tversky 1982 Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Katona, G. 1975 Psychological Economics. New York: Elsevier.
Katona, G. andE. Mueller 1954 “A study of purchase decisions.” In L. Clark (ed.), Consumer Behavior. New York: New York University Press.
Kelley, H. H. andJ. W. Thibaut 1978 Interpersonal Relations: A Theory of Interdependence. New York: Wiley.
Latane, B. andJ. M. Darley 1970 The Unresponsive Bystander: Why doesn't He Help: New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Lewis, A. 1982 The Psychology of Taxation. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Lindblom, C. E. 1965 The Intelligence of Democracy. New York: The Free Press.
Marwell, G. andR. E. Ames 1981 “Economists free ride, does anyone else?” Journal of Public Economics 13:295.
McGahey, R. M. 1980 “Dr. Ehrlich's magic bullet: Economic theory, econometrics, and the death penalty.” Crime and Deliquency 26:485.
Mueller, D. C. 1979 Public Choice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
New York Times 1973 “Study finds patrol cars do little to reduce crime.” 11 November: 1.
Nisbett, R. andL. Ross 1980 Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Olson, M. 1965 The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Parsons, T. andNeil J. Smelser 1956 Economy and Society: A Study in the Intergration of Economic and Social Theory. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Passell, P. andJ. B. Taylor 1977 “The deterrent effect of capital punishment: Another view.” American Economic Review 67:445.
Peck, J. K. 1976 “The deterrent effect of capital punishment: Ehrlich and his critics.” Yale Law Journal 85:359.
Piliavin, I. M., J. Rodin, andJ. A. Piliavin 1969 “Good Samaritanism: An underground phenomenon?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 13:289.
Ross, H. L. 1973 “Law, science, and accidents: The British Road Safety Act of 1967.” Journal of Legal Studies 2:1.
Rushton, J. P. 1980 Altruism, Socialization, and Society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Schwartz, S. H. 1970 “Elicitation of moral obligation and self-sacrificing behavior: An experimental study of volunteering to be a bone marrow donor.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 15:283.
Scitovsky, T. 1978 “Asymmetrics in economics.” Scottish Journal of Political Economics 25:227.
Sears, D. O., R. R. Lau, T. R. Tyler andH. M. Allen, Jr. 1980 “Self-interest vs. symbolic politics in policy attitudes and presidential voting.” American Political Science Review 74:670.
Sen, A. 1977 “Rational fools.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 6:332.
Sexauer, B. 1977 “The role of habits and stocks in consumer expenditure.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 91:127.
Sheffrin, S. 1983 Rational Expectations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Simon, H. A. 1957 Models of Man. New York: Wiley.
Slovic, P., B. Fischoff andS. Lichtenstein 1982 “Facts versus fears: Understanding perceived risk.” In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, and A. Tversky (eds.), Judgement Under Uncertainty: 463–489. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Slovic, P. andS. Lichtenstein 1983 “Preference reversals: A broader perspective.” American Economic Review 73:596.
Song, Y. D. andT. E. Yarborough 1978 “Tax ethics and taxpayers' attitudes.” Public Administration Review 38:447.
Stern, P. C., ed. 1984 Improving Energy Demand Analysis. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Tobin, J. 1972 “Wealth, liquidity and the propensity to consume.” In B. Strumpel, J. N. Moregan and E. Zahn (eds.), Human Behavior in Economic Affairs. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wells, A. 1970 Social Institutions. London: Heinemann.
Williamson, O. E. 1975 Markets and Hierarchies. New York: The Free Press.
Wilson, J. Q. 1983 Thinking About Crime, rev. ed. New York: Basic Books.
Wilson, J. Q. andR. J. Herrnstein 1985 Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Winter, S. G. 1975 “Optimization and evolution in the theory of the firm.” In R. H. Day and T. Groves (eds.), Adaptive Economic Models. New York: Academic Press.
Young, T. 1983 “The demand for cigarettes: Alternative specifications of Fujii's model.” Applied Economics 15:203.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Etzioni, A. How rational we?. Sociol Forum 2, 1–20 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01107891
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01107891