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Toxische und Wachstumshemmende Faktoren in Bohnen

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Zusammenfassung

Gartenbohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris) und Helmbohnen (Dolichos lablab) enthalten toxische Phytohaemagglutinine, die bei Verfütterung der rohen, gemahlenen Bohnen zu Gewichtsverlust und Tod der Versuchstiere führen. Die in ihnen enthaltenen Trypsininhibitoren sowie der Amylaseinhibitor der Gartenbohnen haben keine nachweisbare Giftwirkung. Die von Trypsininhibitoren befreiten rohen Eiweiße aus beiden Bohnenarten sind in vitro gegen den Angriff von allen diesbezüglich geprüften Proteinasen sehr resistent und zeigen auch in vivo sehr geringe Verdaulichkeit. Das Zusammenwirken der erwähnten Faktoren wird für die Wachstumshemmwirkung der Hülsenfrüchte verantwortlich gemacht, doch kann das Vorhandensein von andern, bisher unbekannten, toxischen Inhaltsstoffen nicht ausgeschlossen werden.

Bei Limabohnen (Phaseolus lunatus), die zwar das Wachstum hemmen, aber keine Letalwirkung zeigen, konnten ähnliche Befunde über die Verdaulichkeit und die nicht toxische Wirkung des Trypsininhibitors aufgezeigt werden, jedoch fehlen Hinweise auf eine mögliche Toxizität des in ihnen enthaltenen Agglutinins.

Summary

Both, kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and field beans (Dolichos lablab) contain toxic phytohemagglutinins. Ingestion of the raw, ground beans cause weight loss and death of the experimental animals. The two bean species also contain trypsin inhibitors and the kidney beans also an amylase inhibitor, which are devoid of detectable toxicity. Proteins from both bean species, even when free of trypsin inhibitors, are resistant against in vitro attack of all proteases tested and also show a very low in vivo digestibility. It is concluded that this property, together with the toxic haemagglutinins are responsible for the growth inhibition, but the existance of unrecognized toxic constituents can not be ruled out.

Limabeans (Phaseolus lunatus) show growth inhibiting action, but their ingestion is not lethal. Their trypsin inhibitor is not toxic, but digestibility is also low. Nothing is known about a possible toxic action of their agglutinin.

Resumen

Las semillas de frijoles (Phaseolus vulgaris) y de gallinazo (Dolichos lablab) contienen fitohemagglutininas tóxicas. El consumo de estas semillas crudas y molidas produce pérdida de peso y la muerte de animales experimentales. Ambas especies de leguminosas contienen además inhibidores de la tripsina y en los frijoles se encuentra tambien un inhibidor de la amilasa pancreática. Estos últimos factores no exhiben, sin embargo, actividad tóxica significante. Las proteinas de ambos tipos de semillas son poco atacadas in vitro por enzimas proteolíticos, ni tampoco si se separan previamente de los inhibidores trípticos. Su digestibilidad in vivo es igualmente baja. Se concluye que esta característica, junto con la presencia de las hemagglutininas tóxicas son responsables, por lo menos parcialmente, de la toxicidad de las semillas crudas, aunque no se excluye la posibilidad de que esten presentes otros factores toxicos todavia no reconocidos.

Habas de Lima (Phaseolus lunatus) tambien retardan el crecimiento de animales experimentales, si se incorporan en la dieta, pero su ingestión no causa la muerte. Contienen un inhibidor tríptico no tóxico y una hemagglutinina cuya acción biológica se desconoce.

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  1. Aus dem Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central, Caracas, Venezuela

    Werner G. Jaffé

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Jaffé, W.G. Toxische und Wachstumshemmende Faktoren in Bohnen. Plant Food Hum Nutr 17, 113–130 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01100627

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