Skip to main content
Log in

Quality of life for students with disabilities in transition from school to adulthood

  • Improving The Quality Of Life Of People With And Without Disabilities
  • Published:
Social Indicators Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper examines quality-of-life concerns that pertain to secondary level students with disabilities who participate in high school programs in the United States. More specifically, we examine issues and programs that pertain to the “transition period” during which students leave school and begin to assume adult roles in their communities. The paper begins with an overview of major programs that have addressed this area over the past 25 years. We then present some contrasting definitions of quality of life, in order to provide a theoretical context for examining issues and concerns, ending with our recommendations for a taxonomy that can be used for operationally defining quality of life. Research findings from this perspective are presented next, followed by a discussion of ways in which quality-of-life information can beused to influence program and policy and policy decisions at both personal and institutional levels of discourse. We cite and describe several examples of such usage from our own experiences. The paper closes with some recommendations concerning what we must do in the future to improve quality of life for this population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Becklund, J. D. and N. G. Haring: 1982, Strategies for Change in Special Education: Maintaining and Transferring Effective Innovations (University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz, M. and A. Halpern: 1986, ‘Vocational preparation for high school students with mild disabilities: A statewide study of administrator, teacher, and parent perceptions’, Career Development for Exceptional Individuals 9, pp. 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz, M. and A. Halpern: 1987, ‘Transition services for secondary students with mild disabilities: A statewide perspective’, Exceptional Children 53, pp. 507–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz, M., L. Lindstrom, A. Halpern and R. Rotherstrom: 1990, Community Transition Team Model: Facilitator's Manual (University of Oregon, Eugene, OR).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brolin, D.: 1983, ‘Career education: Where do we go from here?’, Career Development for Exceptional Individuals 6, pp. 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R., M. Bayer and C. FacFarlane: 1988, ‘Quality of life amongst handicapped adults’, in R. Brown (ed.), Quality of Life for Handicapped People (Croom Helm, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cegelka, P.: 1979, ‘Career education’, in M. Epstein and D. Cullinan (eds.), Special Education for Adolescents: Issues and Perspectives (Charles E. Merrill, Columbus, OH), pp. 155–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadsey-Rusch, J., F. Rusch and M. O'Reilly: 1991, ‘Transition from schools to integrated communities’, Remedial and Special Education 12, pp. 23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, G.: 1979, Career Education for the Handicapped in the Elementary Classroom (Love Publishing Company, Denver).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coopersmith, S.: 1967, The Antecedents of Self-Esteem (W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgar, E.: 1987, ‘Secondary programs in special education: Are many of them justifiable?’, Exceptional Children 53, pp. 555–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgar, E.: 1987, Early Morning Thoughts on the Quality of Life (University of Washington, Seattle, WA), unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgerton, R.: 1990, ‘Quality of life from a longitudinal research perspective’, in R. Schalock and M. Begab (eds.), Quality of Life: Perspectives and Issues (American Association on Mental Retardation, Washington, D.C.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Goode, D.: 1990, ‘Thinking about and discussing quality of life’, in R. Schalock and M. Begab (eds.), Quality of Life: Perspectives and Issues (American Association on Mental Retardation, Washington, D.C.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A.: 1993, ‘General unemployment and vocational opportunities for EMR individuals’, American Journal of Mental Deficiency 80, pp. 81–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A.: 1974, ‘Work-study programs for the mentally retarded: An overview’, in P. Browning (ed.), Mental Retardation: Rehabilitation and Counselling (Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL).

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A.: 1985, ‘Transition: A look at the foundations’, Exceptional Children 51, pp. 479–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A.: 1987, ‘Characteristics of a quality program’, in C. Warger and B. Weiner (eds.), Secondary Special Education: A Guide to Promising Public School Programs (Council for Exceptional Children, Reston, VA), pp. 25–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A.: 1989, ‘A systematic approach to transition programming for adolescents and young adults with disabilities’, Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities 15, pp. 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A.: 1990, ‘A methodological review of follow-up and follow-along studies tracking school leavers in special education’, Career Development for Exceptional Individuals 13, pp. 13–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A.: 1992, ‘Transition: Old wine in new bottles’, Exceptional Children 58, pp. 202–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A. and M. Benz: 1987, ‘A statewide examination of secondary special education for students with mild disabilities: Implications for the high school curriculum’, Exceptional Children 54, pp. 122–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A., M. Benz and L. Lindstrom: 1992, ‘A systems change approach to improving secondary special education and transition programs at the local community level’, Career Development for Exceptional Individuals 15, pp. 109–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A., L. Lindstrom and M. Benz: 1990, Community Transition Team Model: Needs Assessment Instrument (University of Oregon, Eugene, OR).

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, A., D. Nelson, L. Lindstrom and M. Benz: 1990, Community Transition Team Model: Team Leader's Manual (University of Oregon, Eugene, OR).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heal, L. W., J. I. Copher and F. R. Rusch: 1990, ‘Inter-agency agreements (IAAs) among agencies responsible for the transition education of students with handicaps for secondary schools to post-secondary settings’, Career Development for Exceptional Individuals 13, pp. 121–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heward, W. and M. Orlansky: 1991, Exceptional Children (4th ed.) (Merrill Publishing Company, Columbus, OH).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hord, S. M., W. L. Rutherford, L. Huling-Austin and G. E. Hall: 1987, Taking Charge of Change (Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, Alexandria, VA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, K.: 1982, ‘Career education: Beginning of the end, or a new beginning?’, Career Development for Exceptional Individuals 5, pp. 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolstoe, O. and R. Frey: 1965, A High School Work-study Program for Mentally Subnormal Students (Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindstrom, L., W. Ard, M. Benz and A. Halpern: 1990, Community Transition Team Model: Management Information System Manual (University of Oregon, Eugene, OR).

    Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane, C., R. Brown and M. Bayer: 1989, ‘Rehabilitation programmes study: Quality of life’, in R. Brown, M. Bayer and C. MacFarlane (eds.), Rehabilitation Programmes: Performance and Quality of Life of Adults with Developmental Handicaps (Lugus Productions Ltd., Toronto).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nirje, B.: 1970, ‘The normalization principle: Implications and comments’, Journal of Mental Subnormality 16, pp. 62–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmenter, T.: 1988, ‘An analysis of the dimensions of quality of life for people with physical disabilities’, in R. I. Brown (ed.), Quality of Life for Handicapped People: A Series in Rehabilitation Education (Croom Helm, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmenter, T. and V. Riches: 1990, Establishing individual transition planning for students with disabilities within the New South Wales Department of School Education (Macquarie University, Sydney), unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Position paper on career education: 1978 (Council for Exceptional Children, Reston, VA).

  • Romer, D. and T. Heller: 1983, ‘Social adaptation of mentally retarded adults in community settings: A social ecological approach’, Applied Research in Mental Retardation 4, pp. 303–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, M.: 1986, ‘Quality of life for persons with mental retardation: A question of entitlement’, Mental Retardation 24, pp. 365–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R.: 1990, ‘Attempts to conceptualize and measure quality of life’, in R. Schalock and M. Begab (eds.), Quality of Life: Perspectives and Issues (American Association on Mental Retardation, Washington, D.C.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. and R. Bogdan: 1990, ‘Quality of life and the individual's perspective’, in R. Schalock and M. Begab (eds.), Quality of Life: Perspectives and Issues (American Association on Mental Retardation, Washington, D.C.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, H. and C. Calkins: 1986, ‘The role of social competence in the community adjustment of persons with developmental disabilities: Process and outcomes’, Journal of Remedial and Special Education 7, pp. 46–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Will, M.: 1984, OSERS Programming for the Transition of Youth with Disabilities: Bridges From School to Working Life (Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Washington, D.C.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfensberger, W.: 1972, Normalization: The Principle of Normalization in Human Services (National Institute on Mental Retardation, Toronto).

    Google Scholar 

Follow-up studies referenced in table I

  • Affleck, J. Q., E. Edgar, P. Levine and L. Kortering: 1990, ‘Postschool status of students classified as mildly mentally retarded, learning disabled, or nonhandicapped: Does it get better with time?’, Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25, pp. 315–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brolin, D., R. Durand, K. Kromer, and P. Muller: 1975, ‘Post-school adjustment of educable retarded students’, Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded 10, pp. 144–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullis, M., B. Bull, B. Johnson, P. Johnson and Kittrell: 1990, School-to-community Transition Experiences of Hearing Impaired Adolescents and Young Adults in the Northwest (Teaching Research Division, Western Oregon State College, Monmouth, OR).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemmons, D. C. and C. B. Dodrill: 1983, ‘Vocational outcomes of high school students with epilepsy’, Journal of applied Rehabilitation Counselling 14, pp. 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBettencourt, L. U., N. Zigmond and H. Thornton: 1989, ‘Follow-up of postsecondary-age rural learning disabled graduates and dropouts’, Exceptional Children 56, pp. 40–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgar, E.: 1988, ‘Employment as an outcome for mildly handicapped students: Current status and future directions’, Focus on Exceptional Children 21, pp. 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fafard, M. and P. A. Haubrich: 1981, ‘Vocational and social adjustment of learning disabled young adults: A followup study’, Learning Disability Quarterly 4, pp. 122–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fardig, D. B., R. F. Algozzine, S. E. Schwartz, J. W. Hensel and D. L. Westling: 1985, ‘Postsecondary vocational adjustment of rural, mildly handicapped students’, Exceptional Children 52, pp. 115–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourqurean, J. M. and T. LaCourt: 1990, ‘A follow-up of former special education students: A model for program evaluation’, Remedial and Special Education 12, pp. 16–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, A. R., P. L. Sitlington, L. Cooper and V. Cool 1990, ‘Adult adjustment of recent graduates of Iowa mental disabilities programs’, Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25, pp. 62–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haring, K. A. and D. L. Lovett: 1990, ‘A follow-up study of special education graduates’, The Journal of Special Education 23, pp. 463–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haring, K. and D. Lovett: 1990, ‘A study of the social and vocational adjustment of young adults with mental retardation’, Education and Training in Mental Retardation 25, pp. 52–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasazi, S. B., L. R. Gordon and C. A. Roe: 1985, ‘Factors associated with the employment status of handicapped youth exiting high school from 1979 to 1983’, Exceptional Children 51, pp. 455–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasazi, S. B., L. R. Gordon, C. A. Roe, K. Finck, M. Hull and G. Salembier: 1985, ‘A statewide follow-up on post high school employment and residential status of students labeled, “mentally retarded”’, Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded 20, pp. 222–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, M. L., P. H. Wehman, J. Kregel, P. D. Banks and H. M. D. Metzler: 1987, ‘Employment outcomes for people with moderate and severe disabilities: an eight-year longitudinal analysis of supported competitive employment’, Journal of The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 12, pp. 182–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humes, C. H. and G. Brammer: 1985, ‘LD career success after high school’, Academic Therapy 21, pp. 171–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortering, L. J. and E. B. Edgar: 1988, ‘Vocational rehabilitation and special education: A need for cooperation’, Rehabilitation Counselling Bulletin 31, pp. 178–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kregel, J., P. Wehman, J. Seyfarth and K. Marshall: 1986, ‘Community integration of young adults with mental retardation: Transition from school to adulthood’, Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded 21, pp. 35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leone, P.: 1984, ‘A descriptive follow-up of behaviorally disordered adolescents’, Behavioral Disorders 9, pp. 207–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leone, P., R. Fitzmartin, F. Stetson and J. Foster: 1986, ‘A retrospective follow-up of behaviorally disordered adolescents: Identifying predictors of treatment outcome’, Behavioral Disorders 11, pp. 87–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, E. K., N. Zigmond and J. W. Birch: 1985, ‘A follow-up study of 52 learning disabled adolescents’, Journal of Learning Disabilities 18, pp. 2–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebert, D., L. Lutsky and A. Gottlieb: 1990, ‘Postsecondary experiences of young adults with severe physical disabilities’, Exceptional Children 57, pp. 56–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDevitt, S. C., P. M. Smith, D. W. Schmidt and M. Rosen: 1978, ‘The deinstitutionalized citizen: Adjustment and quality of life’, Mental Retardation 16, pp. 22–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mithaug, D. E., C. N. Horiuchi and P. N. Fanning: 1985, ‘A report on the Colorado statewide follow-up survey of special education students’, Exceptional Children 51, pp. 397–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neel, R. S., N. Meadows, P. Levine and E. B. Edgar: 1988 ‘What happens after special education: A statewide follow-up study of secondary students who have behavioral disorders’, Behavioral Disorders 13, pp. 209–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neubert, D. A., G. P. Tilson, Jr., and R. N. Ianacone: 1989, ‘Postsecondary transition needs and employment patterns of individuals with mild disabilities’, Exceptional Children 55, pp. 494–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, P. J. and W. J. Schiller: 1979, ‘Evaluation of a transitional training program for mentally retarded, multiply handicapped high school students’, Rehabilitation Literature 40, pp. 232–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilley, J.: 1988, ‘Plans and outcomes: A study of the transition of the Vancouver School Board's 1987 mentally handicapped graduates’, B.C. Journal of Special Education 12, pp. 201–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roessler, R. T., D. E. Brolin and J. M. Johnson: 1990, ‘Factors affecting employment success and quality of life: A one year follow-up of students in special education’, Career Development for Exceptional Individuals 13, pp. 95–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R., and M. Lilley: 1986, ‘Placement from community-based mental retardation programs: How well do clients do 8–10 years later?’, American Journal of Mental Deficiency 90, pp. 669–676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalock, R. L., B. Wolzen, I. Ross, B. Elliott, G. Werbel and K. Peterson: 1986, ‘Post-secondary community placement of handicapped students: A five-year follow-up’, Learning disability Quarterly 9, pp. 295–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scuccimarra, D. J. and D. L. Speece: 1990, ‘Employment outcomes and social integration of students with mild handicaps: The quality of life two years after high school’, Journal of Learning Disabilities 23, pp. 213–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitlington, P. L. and A. R. Frank: 1990, ‘Are adolescents with learning disabilities successfully crossing the bridge into adult life’, Learning disabilities quarterly 13, pp. 97–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdes, K. A., C. L. Williamson and M. M. Wagner: 1990, The National Longitudinal Transition Study of Special Education Students (SRI International, Menlo Park, CA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehman, P., M. Hill, P. Goodall, P. Cleveland, V. Brooke and J. H. Pentecost, Jr.: 1982, ‘Job placement and follow-up of moderately and severely handicapped individuals after three years’, Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 7, pp. 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehman, P., C. Jasper, W. Parent, S. Miller, W. Wood, J. Marchant, C. M. Talbert and R. Walker: 1989, ‘From school to competitive employment for young adults with mental retardation: Transition in practice’, Career Development for Exceptional Individuals 12, pp. 97–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehman, P., J. Kregel and J. Seyfarth: 1985, ‘Employment outlook for young adults with mental retardation’, Rehabilitation Counselling Bulletin 29, pp. 90–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wehman, P., J. Kregel and J. Seyfarth: 1985, ‘Transition from school to work for individuals with severe handicaps: A follow-up study’, Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 10, pp. 132–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, W. J., G. R. Alley, D. D. Deshler, J. B. Schumaker, M. M. Warner and F. L. Clark: 1982, ‘Are there learning disabilities after high school?’, Exceptional Children 49, pp. 273–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zetlin, A. G. and A. Hosseini: 1989, ‘Six postschool case studies of mildly learning handicapped young adults’, Exceptional Children 55, pp. 405–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zigmond, N. and H. Thornton: 1985, ‘Follow-up of postsecondary age learning disabled graduates and drop-outs’, Learning Disabilities research 1, pp. 50–55.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Halpern, A.S. Quality of life for students with disabilities in transition from school to adulthood. Soc Indic Res 33, 193–236 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01078962

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01078962

Keywords

Navigation