Abstract
This paper, adapted from a conference presentation in Venice, links the history of intellectual property protection to two important trends in this field: (1) the ‘shifting baseline’, from a presumption of no property rights and open competition, to the presumption that all intellectual effort deserves the award of a property right; and (2) growing awareness of the ‘political economy’ of these rights, which legislators can create and strengthen with little direct effect on government budgets. The paper also considers a shift in the scholarly emphasis, from the ‘brand question’ of the overall worth of intellectual property to defailed consideration of individual doctrines and rules.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baum, L. (1974) “The Federal Courts and Patent Validity: An Analysis of the Record”,J. Pat. Off. Soc. 56: 758, 760.
Besen, S., Kirby, S. and Salop, S. (1992) “An Economic Analysis of Copyright Collectives”,Va. L. Rev. 78: 383–411.
Besen, S. and Raskind L.J. (1991) “An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Intellectual Property”,J. Econ. Perspectives 5: 3.
Bodwell, E.U. (1989) “Published and Unpublished Federal Circuit Patent Decisions: A Comparison”,Idea 29: 233.
Breyer, S. (1970) “The Uneasy Case for Copyright: A Study of Copyright in Books, Photocopies, and Computer Programs”,Harv. L. Rev. 84: 281, 350.
Brown, K. (1988)Inventors at Work. Tempus Books of Microsoft Press, Redmond, WA.
Burr, S.L. (1993) “Protecting Business Secrets: An Empirical Study of New Mexico Manufacturing Concerns”,New Mexico Law Review.
Chisum, D.S. (1980) “Foreign Activity: Its Effect on Patentability under United States Law”,Intl. Rev. of Ind. Prop. and Copyright L. 11: 26.
Cohen Jehoram, H. (1989) “Critical Reflections on the Economic Importance of Copyright”,IIC 20: 485.
Dandal, N. (1994) “Hedonic Price Indexes for Spreadsheets and an Empirical Test for Network Externalities”,Rand J. Econ. 25: 160.
David, P.A. (1993) “Intellectual Property and the Panda's Thumb: Patents, Copyrights and Trade Secrets in Economic Theory and History”, in Michael B. Wallerstein et al. (eds.)Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights in Science and Technology. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Demsetz, H. (1988) “The Exchange and Enforcement of Property Rights”, inOwnership, Control and the Firm 1. Blackwell, Oxford.
Dunner, D.R. (1985) “The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit — The First Three Years: Introduction”,Am Intell. Prop. L. Assoc. Q.-J. 13: 185, 187–188.
Dutton, H. (1984)The Patent System and Inventive Activity during the Industrial Revolution 1750–1852. Manchester University Press, Dover, NH.
Frame, X. (1987) “National Commitment to Intellectual Property Protection: An Empirical Investigation”,[Geo.] J L & Tech 2: 209.
Frumpkin, M. (1947) “Early History of Patents for Invention”,Trans Newcomen Soc. 26: 47
Gilbert, R. and Shapiro, C. (1990) “Optimal Patent Length and Breadth”,Rand J. Econ. 21: 106.
Gilfillan, S. (1935)The Sociology of Invention. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Godfrey, E. (1975)The Development of English Glassmaking 1560–1640. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.
Goldstein, P. (1971) “The Competetive Mandate: from Sears to Lear”,Calif. L. Rev. 59: 873.
Gordon, W. (1982) “Fair Use as Market Failure: A Structural and Economic Analysis of the Betamax Case and its Predecessors”,Colum. L. Rev. 82: 1600.
Grady, M. (1994) “A Positive Economic Theory of the Right of Publicity”,UCLA Ent. L. Rev. 1: 97.
Hamilton, W. (1957)The Politics of Industry. Knops, New York.
Heilbrun, J. and Gray, C.M. (1993)The Economics of Art and Culture: An American Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York.
Hirshleifer, J. (1971) “The Private and Social Value of Information and the Reward to Inventive Activity”,Am. Econ. Rev. 61: 561.
Japan Institute of Intellectual Property (May 1994) Report on the Basic Issues Concerning Economic Effects of Intellectual Property.
Jeremy, D. (1989) Penetrating British Barriers to Technology Transfer in the Early Industrial Period, 1790s–1840s: Some Recent Research. Paper presented at the Society for the History of Technology Annual Meeting, Sacramento, CA, Oct. 1989.
Kaplow, L. (1984) “The Patent-Antitrust Intersection: A Reappraisal”,Harv. L. Rev. 97: 1813.
Karjala, D.S. (1987) “Copyright, Computer Software, and the New Protectionism”,Jurimetrics J. 28: 33.
Kingston, W. (1987)Direct Protection of Innovation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Klemperer, P. (1990) “How Broad Should the Scope of Patent Protection Be?”,Rand J. Econ. 21: 113.
Kobayashi, B.H. and Yu. B.T. (1994) An Economic Analysis of Performance Rights: Some Implications of the Copyright Act of 1976. George Mason Univ. School of Law Working Paper No. 94-003.
Lerner, J. (1994) An Empirical Study of Trade Secret Litigation (draft).
Lesser, W. (1993)Valuation of Plant Variety Protection Certificates. Wkg. Pap. 93-07. Dept. of Ag. Econ., Cornell University.
Lesser, W. and Masson, R. (1985)An Economic Analysis of the Plant Variety Protection Act.
Levin, R.C., Klevorick, A.K., Nelson, R.R. and Winter, S.G. (1987) “Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development”,Brookings Pap. Econ. Activity 1987: 783.
Machlup, F. (1958) An Economic Review of the Patent System, Study of the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Study No. 15, Comm. Print.
Machlup, F. (1968) “Patents”,Intl. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 2: 461.
Machlup, F. and Penrose, E. (1950) “The Patent Controversy in the Nineteenth Century”,J. Econ. Hist. 10: 1
MacLeod, C. (1989)Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660–1800. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York.
Mandich, J. (1948) “Venetial Patents (1450–1550)”,J. Pat. Off. Soc. 30: 166, 177.
Mansfield, E. (1986) “Patents and Innovation: an Empirical Study”,Management Sci. 32: 173, 176.
Menell, P. (1987) “Tailoring Legal Protection for Computer Software”,Stan. L. Rev. 39: 1329.
Merges, R.P. (1988) “Economic Perspectives on Innovation: Commercial Success and Patent Standards”,California Law Review 76: 803–876.
Merges, R.P. (1992a)Patent Law and Policy: Cases and Materials. Michie Co., Charlottesville, VA.
Merges, R.P. (1992b) “Uncertainty and the Standard of Patentability”,(Berkeley) High Technology Law Journal 7: 1–70.
Merges, R.P. (1994) Contracting into Liability Rules: Institutions Supporting Exchange of Intellectual Property Rights (Working Paper).
Merges, R.P. (1995a) “A Comparative View of Property Rights in Software”, in David Mowery (ed.)The International Computer Software Industry: A Comparative Study of Industry Evolution and Structure. Oxford University Press, Oxford (forthcoming).
Merges, R.P. (1995b) “Intellectual Property and the Costs of Commercial Exchange”,Michigan Law Review (forthcoming).
Merges, R.P. and Nelson, R.R. (1990) “On the Complex Economics of Patent Scope”,Colum. L. Rev. 90: 806.
Mokyr, J., ed. (1989) “The Industrial Revolution and the New Economic History”.The Economics of Industrial Revolution 1. Rowman and Allanheld, Totowa, NJ.
Noble, D. (1977)America by Design: Science, Technology and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism. Knopf, New York.
Nordhaus, W. (1969)Invention, Growth and Welfare: A Theoretical Analysis of Technical Change. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
North, D. (1990)Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Oppenlander, K.H., ed. (1984)Patentwesen, technischer Fortschritt und Wettbewerb. Schriftenreihe des IFO-Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung No. 113, Berlin.
Prager, F.D. (1944) “A History of Intellectual Property from 1545 to 1787”,J. Pat. and Trademark Off. Soc. 26: 714
Quillen, C. (1993) “A Proposal for the Simplification and Reform of the United States Patent System”,Am. Intell. Prop. L. Ass'n Q.J. 21: 189.
Reichman, J. (1994) “Legal Hybrids between the Copyright and Patent Paradigm”,Colum. L. Rev. 94: 1501.
Samuelson, P. (1994) “A Manifesto Concerning the Legal Protection of Computer Programs”,Colum. L. Rev. 94: 2308.
Scherer, F.M. (1984) “Invention and Innovation in the Watt-Boulton Steam Engine Venture”,Innovation and Growth: Schumpeterian Perspectives 8. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Schiff, E. (1971)Industrialization without National Patents: the Netherlands 1869–1912; Switzerland 1850–1907. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Schwartzmann, D. (1976)Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Scotchmer, S. and Green, J. (1990) “Novelty and Disclosure in Patent Law”,Rand J. Econ. 21: 131.
Scotchmer, S. and Green, J. (1991) “Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Cumulative Research and the Patent Law”,Journal of Economic Perspectives 5: 21.
Sereboff, X. (1990) A Study of Awards in Patents Suits and Settlements for the Period 1970 to 1989 (unpublished student paper).
Sherwood, R.M. (1990)Intellectual Property and Economic Development. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
Sirilli, G. (1987) “Patents and Inventors: An Empirical Study”,Res Pol'y 16: 157.
Sprague de Kamp, L. (1963)The Ancient Engineers. Doubleday, Garden City New York.
Stoneman, P. (1987)The Economic Analysis of Technology Policy. Oxford University Press, New York.
Taussig, F.W. (1915)Inventors and Money-Makers. Macmillan, New York.
Taylor, C. and Silberston, Z. (1973)The Economic Impact of the Patent System. Cambridge University Press, London.
Throsby, D. (1994) “The Production and Consumption of the Arts: A View of Cultural Economics”,J. Econ. Lit. 32: 1.
von Hippel, E. (1988)The Sources of Innovation. Oxford University Press, New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Merges, R.P. The economic impact of intellectual property rights: An overview and guide. J Cult Econ 19, 103–117 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01074200
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01074200