Abstract
This article examines rate regulation and the market share of insurers using exclusive agents, known as direct writers. Direct writers have lower market share in rate regulation states; however, the effect is observed in both the regulated automobile lines and the less regulated homeowners' insurance. This suggests that statute implementation and not the statue itself affects insurers' market shares. Including measures of the political influence of insurers using nonexclusive agents and that of their agents on regulators in estimation removes the association between regulation and direct writers' market share. Combined with the different parties' support for regulation, the results indicate that nonexclusive agents used political influence to slow direct writers' growth.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Automobile Insurance Plans Service Office, (annual).AIPSO Facts. Johnston, R.I.: Automobile Insurance Plans Service Office.
A.M. Best Company. (1972–1983).Best's Executive Data Service, annual. Oldwick, NJ.: A.M. Best Co. Alliance of American Insurers. (1970–June 1987). “Rating Laws by State.” Mimeo.
Becker, Gary. (1985). “Public Policies, Pressure Groups and Dead Weight Costs,”Journal of Public Economics 28, 329–347.
Becker, Gary. (1983) “A Theory of Competition Among Pressure Groups for Political Influence,”The Quarterly Journal of Economics 98, 371–400.
Braeutigam, Ronald R., and Mark V. Pauly. (1986). “Cost Function Estimation and Quality Bias: The Regulated Automobile Insurance Industry,”Rand Journal of Economics 17, 606–617.
Cather, David A., Sandra G. Gustavson, and James S. Trieschmann. (1985). “A Profitability Analysis of P-L Insurers using Alternative Distribution Systems,”Journal of Risk and Insurance 52, 321–332.
Consumer Reports. (1970). “Auto Insurance: The Quality Factor,” 35 (June), 322–41.
Consumer Reports. (1977). “Managing Your Auto Insurance, Part 2: Which companies Give the Best Service?” 42 (July), 375–84.
Consumer Reports. (1984). “Auto Insurance: Which Companies are Best?” 49 (September), 506–510.
Consumer Reports. (1980). “Homeowners' Insurance-Part 2: Which Companies are Rated Best?” 45 (September), 539–543.
Consumer Reports. (1985). “Homeowners' Insurance-Part 1: How the Companies Compare,” 50 (August), 473–478.
Cummins, J.D., and J. Van Derhei. (1979). “A Note on the Relative Efficiency of Property-Liability Insurance Distribution Systems,”Bel Journal of Economics 10, 709–19.
Cummins, D.J., and S.N. Weisbart. (1977).The Impact of Consumer Services on Independent Insurance Agency Performance. Glenmont, N.Y.: IMA Education and Research Foundation.
D'Arcy, Stephen, and Neil Doherry. (1990). “Adverse Selection, Private Information and Lowballing in Insurance Markets,”Journal of Business 63, 145–164.
Denenberg, Herbert S., Robert D. Eilers, G. Wright Hoffman, Chester A. Kline, Joseph J. Melone, and H. Wayne Snider. (1964).Risk and Insurance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Eisenach, J. (1985). “The Role of Collective Pricing in Auto Insurance.” Staff Report for the Bureau of Economics, Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC, February.
Etgar, Michael. (1977). “Cost Effectiveness in Insurance Distribution,”Journal of Risk and Insurance 44, 211–222.
Frech, H., and J. Samprone. (1980). “The Welfare Loss of Excess Nonprice Competition: The Case of Property-Liability Insurance Regulation,”Journal of Law and Economics 23, 429–40.
Grabowski, Henry, W. Kip Viscusi, and William N. Evans. (1989). “Price and Availability Tradeoffs of Automobile Insurance Regulation,”Journal of Risk and Insurance 56, 275–299.
Hammes, Carol, Peter Kensicki, E. J. Leverett, and Ronald Anderson. (1986).Agency Operations and Saks Management. Malvern, PA: Insurance Institute of America.
Harrington, S.E. (1984). “The Impact of Rate Regulation on Prices and Underwriting Results in the Property-Liability Insurance Industry: A Survey,”Journal of Risk and Insurance 51, 577–623.
Harrington, S.E. (1990). “The Relationship Regulation in Automobile Insurance,”Journal of Risk and Insurance 57, 9–27.
Hensley, Roy F. (1962).Competition, Regulation and the Public Interest in Nonlife Insurance. Berkely, CA: University of California.
Holtom, Robert B. (1978). “Producer Compensation Patterns,”CPCU Journal 31, 70–75.
Ippolito, R. (1979). “The Effects of Price Regulation in the Automobile Insurance Industry,”Journal of Law and Economics 22, 55–89.
Joskow, P. (1973a). “Cartels, Competition and Regulation in the Property-Liability Insurance Industry,”Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 4, 375–427.
Joskow, Paul (1973b). “Regulation and Deregulation in the Property-Insurance Industry.” Working paper, MIT.
Lee, J.F. (1982). “The Automobile Insurance Shared Market: Significance, Developments and Policy Issues,”Journal of Insurance Regulation 1, 107–122.
Lilly, Claude. (1976). “A History of Insurance Regulation in the United States,”CPCU Annals 29, 99–115.
Meier, Kenneth. (1988).The Political Economy of Regulation: The Case of Insurance. Albany, NY: State University of New York.
National Association of Insurance Commissioners. (1959).NAIC Proceedings, Vol. 1. Kansas City, MO: National Association of Insurance Commissioners.
National Association of Insurance Commissioners. (1967).NAIC Proceedings, Vol. 2. Kansas City, MO: National Association of Insurance Commissioners.
National Association of Insurnace Commissioners. (1968).NAIC Proceedings, Vol. 1. Kansas City, MO: National Association of Insurance Commissioners.
National Association of Insurance Commissioners. (1969).NAIC Proceedings, Vol. 1. Kansas City, MO: National Association of Insurance Commissioners.
National Association of Insurance Commissioners. (1984).NAIC Proceedings, Vol. 1. Kansas City, MO: National Association of Insurance Commissioners.
Nordhaus, George, and Stephen Brown. (1976).Marketing Property-Casualty Insurance. Santa Monica, CA.: Insurance Marketing Services.
Pauly, Mark, Hoard Kunreuther, and Paul Kleindorfer. (1986). “Regulation and Quality Competition in the U.S. Insurance Industry.” In Finsinger and Pauly (eds.),The Economics of Insurance Regulation. London: MacMillan.
Peltzman, Sam. (1986). “Toward a More General Theory of Regulation,”The Journal of Law and Economics 19, 211–240.
Sass, Tim R., and Micha Gisser. (1989). “Agency Cost, Firm Size and Exclusive Dealing,”Journal of Law and Economics 32, 381–400.
Smallwood, D. (1975). “Competition, Regulation and Product Quality in the Automobile Insurance Industry.” In A. Phillips (ed.),Promoting Competition in Regulated Markets. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Stigler, George J. (1971). “The Theory of Economic Regulation,”Bell Journal of Economics 2, 1–21.
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, (annual).Handbook of Labor Statistics. Washington, DC:S. Government Printing Office.
United States Federal Highway Administration, (annual).Highway Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
United States General Accounting Office. (1986).Auto Insurance: State Regulation Affects Cost and Availability. Washington, DC: U.S. GAO.
Webb, Bernard L., J.J. Launie, Willis P. Rokes, and Norman A. Baglini. (1984).Insurance Company Operations. Malvern, PA: American Institute for Property and Liability Underwriters.
United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly. (1961).Insurance: Rates, Rating Organizations and State Regulation. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gron, A. Regulation and insurer competition: Did insurers use rate regulation to reduce competition?. J Risk Uncertainty 11, 87–111 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01067679
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01067679