References
Bohm, D.: 1951,Quantum Theory, Prentice-Hall, New York (Dover repr.: 1989).
Davenas, E., et al.: 1988, ‘Human Basophil Degranulation Triggered by Very Dilute Antiserum against IgE’,Nature 333, 816–818.
Dorling, J.: 1973, ‘Demonstrative Induction: Its Significant Role in the History of Science’,Philosophy of Science 40, 360–72.
Dorling, J.: unpublished, ‘Einstein's Methodology of Discovery was Newtonian Deduction from the Phenomena’.
Duhem, P.: 1962,The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, Atheneum, New York.
Elkana, Y.: 1974,The Discovery of the Conservation of Energy, Hutchinson, London.
Glymour, C.: 1980,Theory and Evidence, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Hempel, C.: 1965, ‘Studies in the Logic of Confirmation’, inAspects of Scientific Explanation, Free Press, New York, pp. 3–51.
Howson, C. and P. Urbach: 1989,Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach, Open Court, La Salle.
Kuhn, T. S.: 1978,Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Johnson, W. E.: 1964,Logic, Part II, Dover, New York.
Lakatos, I.: 1970, ‘Falsification and the Methodology of Research Programs’, in I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave (eds.),Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 91–195.
Maddox, J., J. Randi and W. W. Steward: 1988, ‘“High Dilution” Experiments a Delusion’,Nature 334, 287–90.
Norton, J.: 1989, ‘Eliminative Induction as a Method of Discovery: How Einstein Discovered General Relativity’, paper prepared for ‘How Theories are Constructed: The Methodology of Scientific Creativity’, Greensboro Philosophy Symposium, 24–26 March 1989, Greensboro, North Carolina.
Norton, J.: 1991, ‘Thought Experiments in Einstein's Work’, in T. Horowitz and G. Massey (eds.),Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy, Rowman and Littlefield, Savage, Maryland, pp. 129–48.
Norton, J.: 1993, ‘The Determination of Theory by Evidence: The Case for Quantum Discontinuity, 1900–1915’,Synthese 97, 1–31.
Peat, F. D.: 1989,Cold Fusion: The Making of a Scientific Controversy, Contemporary Books, Chicago.
Poincaré, H.: 1912, ‘Sur la théorie des quanta’,Comptes Rendus 153, 1103–08.
Popper, K.: 1959,The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Hutchinson, London.
Quine, W. V. O.: 1953, ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’, inFrom a Logical Point of View, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 20–46.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
I am grateful to Peter Achinstein, Don Howard, and the other participants at the conference, ‘The Role of Experiments in Scientific Change’, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 30 March to 1 April, 1990, for helpful discussion, and especially to Ron Laymon for his discussion comments presented at the conference on an earlier version of this paper.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Norton, J.D. Science and certainty. Synthese 99, 3–22 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01064528
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01064528