Skip to main content
Log in

Power in organizations: A contingent, relational view

  • Papers
  • Published:
Systems practice Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The concept of power is central to social inquiry, yet it is highly varied and enigmatic. There is a wide-ranging and competing variety of subjectivist, objectivist, and relational conceptions of power. The first part of the paper examines this problem in an exegetical but critical manner. The aim is to develop a critical conception of this social phenomenon. The second part of the paper seeks to probe the nature of three types of systems approach in terms of their underwriting assumptions about power in society. The intent is twofold: to uncover the ideologically suppressed truths about the noxious forms of power and to develop a penetrative understanding of how the mystified “truths” in ideological conceptions of power contain hidden meanings that have the critical potential for educative enlightenment, empowerment, and emancipation for systems theory and practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackoff, R. L. (1974a). The systems revolution.Long Range Plan,7, 2–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackoff, R. L. (1974b).Redesigning the Future, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackoff, R. L. (1974c). The social responsibility of O.R.Operat. Res. Q. 25(3), 361–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackoff, R. L. (1979). Resurrecting the future of operational Research.J. Operat. Res. Soc. 30(3), 189–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackoff, R. L. (1981a).Creating the Corporate Future, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackoff, R. L. (1981b). The art and science of mess management.Interfaces 11, 20–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Althusser, L. (1969).For Marx, Allen Lane, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Althusser, L. (1971).Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, New Left Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacharach, P. M., and Baratz, S. (1963). Decisions and nondecisions: An analytical framework.Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 57, 641–651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryer, R. A. (1979). The status of systems approach.Omega 7, 219–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrell, G., and Morgan, G. (1979).Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, Heinemann, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Checkland, P. B. (1978). The origins and nature of “hard” systems thinking.J. Appl. Syst. Anal. 5, 99–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Checkland, P. B. (1981).Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, Wiley, Chichester, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchman, C. W. (1968).The Systems Approach, Dell, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchman, C. W. (1970). Operations research as a profession,Manage. Sci. 17(2), B37-B53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchman, C. W. (1971).The Design of Inquiring Systems, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchman, C. W. (1979).The Systems Approach and Its Enemies, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clegg, S. (1975).Power, Rule and Domination: A Critical and Empirical Understanding of Power in Sociological Theory and Everyday Life, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. A. (1958). A critique of the ruling elite model.Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 52, 463–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fay, B. (1987).Critical Social Science, Polity Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, R. L. (1989a). Six scenarios for the future of systems “problem solving.”Syst. Pract. 2(1), 75–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, R. L. (1989b). Archaeology of (systems) inquiry.Syst. Pract. 2(1), 117–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, R. L. (1989c). Liberating systems theory: A summary.Revista Int. Sist. 1(1), 35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, R. L. (1990a). Liberating system theory: Toward critical systems thinking.Hum. Relat. 43, 49–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, R. L. (1990b).Liberating Systems Theory, Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, R. L., and Jackson, M. C. (1990).Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention. Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, R. L., and Jackson, M. C. (1991).Critical Systems Thinking: Directed Readings, Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, R. L., and Ulrich, W. (1990). Testament to conversations on critical systems thinking between two systems practitioners.Syst. Pract. 3(1), 7–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1972).The Archaeology of Knowledge, Tavistock Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1977).Discipline and Punish, Pantheon, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1980).Power and Knowledge, Pantheon, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1981).The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1, Penguin, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1976).New Rules of Sociological Method, Hutchinson, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1984).The Constitution of Society, Polity Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1970a). On systematically distorted communication.Inquiry 13, 205–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1970b). Towards a theory of communicative competence.Inquiry 13, 360–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1972).Knowledge and Human Interests, Heinemann, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1973).Theory and Practice, Beacon Press, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hales, M. (1974). Management science and the “Second Industrial Revolution.”Rad. Sci. J. 1, 5–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindess, B. (1982). Power, interests and the outcomes of struggle.Sociology 16(4), 498–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoos, I. R. (1972).Systems Analysis in Public Policy, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoos, I. R. (1979). Engineers as analysts of social systems: A critical enquiry.J. Syst. Eng. 4, 81–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, R., and Brough, I. (1975).Social Values and Industrial Relations: A Study of Fairness and Equality, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. C. (1982). The nature of soft systems thinking: The work of Churchman, Ackoff and Checkland.J. Appl. Syst. Anal. 9, 17–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. C. (1983). The nature of soft systems thinking: Comments on the three replies.J. Appl. Syst. Anal. 10, 109–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. C. (1985). Social systems theory and practice: The need for a critical approach.Int. J. Gen. Syst. 10, 135–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. C. (1987a). Present positions and future prospects in management science.Omega 15(6), 455–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. C. (1987b). New directions in management science. In Jackson, M. C., and Keys, P. (eds.),New Directions in Management Science, Gower Press, Aldershot, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. C. (1989). The critical kernel in modem systems thinking. Paper presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the International Society for Systems Science, Edinburgh, Scotland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. C. (1990). Beyond a systems of systems methodologies (in press).

  • Jackson, M. C. (1991).Systems Methodology for the Management Sciences, Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. C., and Keys, P. (1984). Towards a system of systems methodologies.J. Operat. Res. Soc. 35, 473–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessop, B. (1982).The Capitalist State: Marxist Theories and Methods, Martin Robertson, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knights, D., and Willmott, H. (1985). Power and identity in theory and practice.Social. Rev. 33(1), 22–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilienfeld, R. (1978).The Rise of Systems Theory, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukes, S. (1974).Power: A Radical View, Macmillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minson, J. (1980). Strategies for socialists? Foucault's conception of power.Econ. Society 9(1), 1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nietzsche, F. (1966). On the Genealogy of Morals. In Kaufmann, W. (ed., trans.),The Basic Writings of Nietzsche, Random House, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nietzsche, F. (1968).The Will-to-Power. Vintage, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliga, J. C. (1986). Methodology in systems research: The need for a self-reflective commitment. In Dillon, J. A., Jr. (ed.),Mental Images, Values, and Reality, Society for General Systems Research, Louisville, Ky.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliga, J. C. (1988). Methodological foundations of systems methodologies.Syst. Pract. 1(1), 87–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliga, J. C. (1989). Ideology and systems emancipation. Paper presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the International Society for Systems Science, Edinburgh, Scotland.

  • Oliga, J. C. (1990). Power-ideology matrix in social systems control.Syst. Pract. 3(1), 31–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliga, J. C. (1991). Methodology in systems research: The need for a self-reflective commitment. In Flood, R. L., and Jackson, M. C. (eds.),Critical Systems Thinking: Directed Readings, Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T. (1967). On the concept of political power. In Parsons, T. (ed.),Sociological Theory and Modern Society, Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulantzas, N. (1973).Political Power and Social Classes, New Left Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulantzas, N. (1975).Classes in Contemporary Capitalism, New Left Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rex, J. (1961).Key Problems in Sociological Theory, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robson, K., and Cooper, D. (1989). Power and management control. In Chua, W. F., Lowe, T., and Puxty, T. (eds.),Critical Perspectives on Management Control, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 79–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenhead, J. (1976). Some further comments on the social responsibility of O.R.Operat. Res. Q. 27, 266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenhead, J. (1978). Operational research in health services planning.Eur. J. Operat. Res. 2, 75–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenhead, J. (1981). O.R. in urban planning.Omega 9(4), 354–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenhead, J. (1982). Why does management need management science? In Troncale, L. (ed.),A General Survey of Systems Methodology, Society for General Systems Research, Louisville, Ky.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenhead, J., and Thunhurst, C. (1982). A materialist analysis of operational research.J. Operat. Res. Soc. 33, 111–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schecter, D. (1989). For whom and to do what? Questions for a liberating systems approach. Paper presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the International Society for Systems Science, Edinburgh, Scotland.

  • Schecter, D. (1991). The emerging framework of critical management science, In Flood, R. L., and Jackson, M. C. (eds.),Critical Systems Thinking: Directed Readings, Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear, R. (1987). Towards a critical systems approach. InProceedings (Supplement) of the 31st Annual Meeting of the International Society for General Systems Research, Budapest, Hungary.

  • Therborn, G. (1980).The Ideology of Power and the Power of Ideology, Verso and New Left Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Therborn, G. (1982). What does the ruling class do when it rules? In Giddens, A., and Held, D. (eds.),Classes, Power and Conflict, Macmillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A. R. (1980). Generating tension for constructive change: The use and abuse of systems models.Cybernet. Syst. 11, 339–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A. R., and Lockett, M. (1979). Marxism and systems research: Values in practical action. In Ericson, R. F. (ed.),Improving the Human Condition: Quality and Stability in Social Systems, Sociely for General Systems Research, Louisville, Ky, pp. 284–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinker, A. M., and Lowe, E. A. (1984). One dimensional management science: The making of a technocratic consciousness.Interfaces 14, 40–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, W. (1981). A critique of pure cybernetic reason: The Chilean experience wilh cybernetics.J. Appl. Syst. Anal. 8, 33–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, W. (1983).Critical Heuristics of Social Planning, Paul Haupt, Berne, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, W. (1987). Critical heuristics of social systems design.Eur. J. Operat. Res. 31, 276–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, W. (1988a). Systems thinking, systems practice, and practical philosophy: A program of research.Syst. Pract. 1, 137–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, W. (1988b). Churchman's “process of unfolding”-its significance for policy analysis and evaluation.Syst. Pract. 1, 415–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, W. (1991). Toward emancipatory systems practice. In Flood, R. L., and Jackson, M. C. (eds.),Critical Systems Thinking: Directed Readings, Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickers, G. (1970).Freedom in a Rocking Boat, Allen Lane, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1947).The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, (trans., Henderson, A., and Parsons, T.), Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitley, R. D. (1974). Management research: The study and improvement of forms of co-operation in changing socio-economic structures. In Roberts, N. (ed.),Information Sources in the Social Sciences, Bullerworlhs, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, S., and Kelly, J. (1978). Towards a critical managemenl science.J. Manage. Stud. 15, 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Oliga, J.C. Power in organizations: A contingent, relational view. Systems Practice 3, 453–477 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01064155

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01064155

Key words

Navigation