Abstract
Studies are reported and discussed on Auger analyses of the region beneath Cr2O3, Al2O3, or NiO layers on their metal substrate. Small concentrations of S, C, and P were detected in areas which had been connected to the oxide layer, most probably due to segregation in defects, such as misfit dislocations, microvoids, grain boundaries, etc. For high oxygen pressures at the interface (Ni−NiO) P also can be enriched in the inner layer as phosphate. Sulfur starts to segregate to the free-metal surface as soon as the scale and metal separate, stabilizing voids and accelerating their growth to cavities or favoring the detachment of scale in the case of growth stresses. In this surface segregation S displaces C and P from the metal surface.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. W. Funkenbusch, J. G. Smeggil, and N. S. Bornstein,Met. Trans. 16A, 1164 (1985).
J. G. Smeggil, A. W. Funkenbusch, and N. S. Bornstein,Met. Trans. 17A, 923 (1986).
J. G. Smeggil and C. G. Peterson,Oxid. Met. 29, 103 (1988).
J. L. Smialek,Met. Trans 18A, 163 (1987).
D. G. Lees,Oxid. Met. 27, 75 (1987).
P. Fox, D. G. Lees, and G. W. Lorimer,Oxid. Met. 36, 491 (1991).
S. Y. Hong, A. B. Anderson, and J. L. Smialek,Surf. Sci. 230, 175 (1990).
D. P. Whittle and J. Stringer,Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London A27, 309 (1979).
J. Stringer,Mater. Sci. Eng. A120, 129 (1989).
E. Lang (Ed.),The Role of Active Elements in the Oxidation Behaviour of High Temperature Metals and Alloys (Elsevier Appl. Science, London, 1989).
H. J. Grabke, W. Paulitschke, G. Tauber, and H. Viefhaus,Surf. Sci. 63, 377 (1977).
H. J. Grabke, E. M. Petersen, and S. R. Srinivasan,Surf. Sci. 67, 501 (1977).
H. J. Grabke,Mater. Sci. Eng. 42, 91 (1980).
H. J. Grabke,ISIJ Int. 29, 529 (1989).
H. J. Grabke and H. Viefhaus, inSurface Segregation Phenomena, P. A. Dowben and A. Miller, eds. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1990), pp. 207–240.
G. Panzner and B. Egert,Surf. Sci. 144, 651 (1984).
R. Feder and H. Viefhaus, Structure analysis of S on Fe(001) by LEED, unpublished report.
F. K. Peters and H. J. Engell,Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 30, 275 (1959).
H. J. Grabke, D. Wiemer, and H. Viefhaus,Appl. Surf. Sci. 47, 113 (1991).
D. Wiemer, H. J. Grabke, and H. Viefhaus,Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 341, 402 (1991).
H. J. Schmutzler, H. Viefhaus, and H. J. Grabke,Surf. Interface Anal. 18, 581 (1992).
C. Uebing, H. Viefhaus, and H. J. Grabke,Appl. Surf. Sci. 72, 363 (1988).
C. Uebing,Surf. Sci. 225, 97 (1990).
G. Kurbatov, H. Viefhaus, and H. J. Grabke,Surf. Interface Anal.,20, 967 (1993).
K. Fueki and J. B. Wagner,J. Electrochem. Soc. 112, 384 (1965).
A. W. Harris and A. Atkinson,Oxid Met. 34, 229 (1990).
J. S. Sheasby and D. S. Cox,Oxid. Met. 37, 373 (1992).
A. D. Dalvi and W. W. Smeltzer,J. Electrochem. Soc. 121, 386 (1974).
W. D. Jennings, G. S. Chottiner, and G. M. Michal,Surf. Interface Anal. 11, 377 (1988).
P. Y. Hou and J. Stringer,Oxid. Met. 58, 323 (1992).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grabke, H.J., Kurbatov, G. & Schmutzler, H.J. Segregation beneath oxide scales. Oxid Met 43, 97–114 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01046749
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01046749