Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electrochemical properties of metal-molten salt mixtures

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Available literature on metal-molten salt mixtures is reviewed with emphasis on electrochemical properties of the dissolved metal in dilute solutions of metals in salts. Phase diagrams and solubility data are summarized, followed by a more detailed treatment of conductivities, migration studies, emf, anodic oxidation, measurements of electronic conduction, etc. Some structural models are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. K. Grjotheim, C. Krohn, M. Malinovsky, K. Matiasovsky and J. Thonstad, ‘Aluminium Electrolysis’, Aluminium-Verlag, Dusseldorf (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  2. K. Andreassen,Erzmetall. 31, (1978) 301.

    Google Scholar 

  3. W. Kunz and P. Klencz, in Ullmann: ‘Encyclopedia der technischen Chemie’, 4th edn Chemie, Weinheim (1979) Vol. 17 p. 143.

    Google Scholar 

  4. E. Coley, in ‘Molten Salt Technology’ (edited by D. G. Lovering), Plenum Press, New York (1982), p. 57.

    Google Scholar 

  5. A. H. W. Aten,Z. Phys. Chem. 66 (1909) 641.

    Google Scholar 

  6. A. H. W. Aten,Z. Phys. Chem. 73 (1910) 578.

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. Lorenz, G. V. Hevesy and E. Wolff,Z. Phys. Chem. 76 (1911) 732.

    Google Scholar 

  8. M. A. Bredig, J. W. Johnson and W. T. Smith Jr,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (1955) 307.

    Google Scholar 

  9. M. A. Bredig, in ‘Molten Salt Chemistry’ (edited by M. Blander), Interscience, New York (1964) p. 367.

    Google Scholar 

  10. D. Cubicciotti,J. Metals 5 (1953) 1106.

    Google Scholar 

  11. E. A. Ukshe and N. G. Bukun,Russ. Chem. Rev. 30 (1961) 90.

    Google Scholar 

  12. J. D. Corbett, in ‘Fused Salts’ (edited by B. R. Sundheim), McGraw-Hill, New York (1964) p. 341.

    Google Scholar 

  13. W. W. Warren Jr, in Advances in Molten Salt Chemistry (edited by G. Mamantov and J. Braunstein), Plenum Press, New York (1981) Vol. 4, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  14. W. W. Warren Jr, in ‘The Metallic and Nonmetallic States of Matter’ (edited by P. P. Edwards and C. N. R. Rao), Taylor and Francis, London (1985) p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. D. Corbett and S. von Winbush,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (1955) 3964.

    Google Scholar 

  16. J. D. Corbett, S. von Winbush and F. C. Albers,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1957) 3020.

    Google Scholar 

  17. J. D. Corbett, W. J. Burkhard and L. F. Druding,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83 (1961) 76.

    Google Scholar 

  18. E. M. Levin, C. R. Robbins and H. F. McMurdie (editors), ‘Phase Diagrams for Ceramists’, The American Ceramic Society (1964, 1967, 1975).

  19. A. S. Dworkin, H. R. Bronstein and M. A. Bredig,J. Phys. Chem. 66, (1962) 572.

    Google Scholar 

  20. M. A. Bredig and H. R. Bronstein,J. Phys. Chem. 64 (1960) 64.

    Google Scholar 

  21. K. S. Pitzer,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84 (1962) 2025.

    Google Scholar 

  22. S. J. Yosim, D. J. Darnell, W. G. Gehman and S. W. Mayer,J. Phys. Chem. 63 (1959) 230.

    Google Scholar 

  23. S. J. Yosim, L. D. Ransom, R. W. Sallach and L. E. Topol,J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 28.

    Google Scholar 

  24. A. Hershaft and J. D. Corbett,Inorg. Chem. 2 (1963) 979.

    Google Scholar 

  25. J. D. Corbett and R. E. Rundle,Inorg. Chem. 3 (1964) 1408.

    Google Scholar 

  26. L. E. Topol and A. L. Landis,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82 (1960) 6291.

    Google Scholar 

  27. K. Grjotheim, F. Grønvold and J. Krogh-Moe,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (1955) 5824.

    Google Scholar 

  28. D. Cubicciotti,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74 (1952) 1198.

    Google Scholar 

  29. J. Thonstad,Can. J. Chem. 42 (1964) 2739.

    Google Scholar 

  30. J. Thonstad,Can. J. Chem. 43 (1965) 3429.

    Google Scholar 

  31. M. M. Vetyukov and V. B. Vinkokurov, ‘Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Molten Salts and Slags’, Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1969) p. 367.

    Google Scholar 

  32. R. Ødegård, Å. Sterten and J. Thonstad,Met. Trans. 19B (1988) 444.

    Google Scholar 

  33. K. Yoshida, T. Ishihara and M. Yokoi,Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 242 (1986) 231.

    Google Scholar 

  34. J. P. Saget, V. Plichon and J. Badoz-Lambling,Electrochim. Acta 20 (1975) 825.

    Google Scholar 

  35. V. N. Storozhenko,Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 46 (1972) 1227.

    Google Scholar 

  36. V. Ya. Kudyakov and M. V. Smirnov,J. Appl. Chem. USSR 53 (1980) 741.

    Google Scholar 

  37. H. R. Bronstein and M. A. Bredig,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80 2077 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  38. H. R. Bronstein and M. A. Bredig,J. Phys. Chem. 65 (1961) 1220.

    Google Scholar 

  39. W. W. Warren Jr, S. Sotier and G. F. Brennert,Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 (1983).

  40. W. Freyland and D. Nattland, private communication, University of Karlsruhe.

  41. A. S. Dworkin, H. R. Bronstein and M. A. Bredig,J. Phys. Chem. 70 (1966) 189.

    Google Scholar 

  42. R. Bertram,Z. Anal. Chem. 222 (1966) 189.

    Google Scholar 

  43. L. F. Grantham,J. Chem. Phys. 44 (1966) 1509.

    Google Scholar 

  44. L. Suski and L. Stachowicz,Electrochim. Acta 17 (1972) 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  45. L. F. Grantham and S. J. Yosim,J. Chem. Phys. 38 (1963) 1671.

    Google Scholar 

  46. L. F. Grantham,J. Chem. Phys. 43 (1965) 1415.

    Google Scholar 

  47. R. Bertram, P. Lambrecht and D. Wiebe,Metalloberflache 24 (1970) 120.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Yu. Borisoglebskii, M. M. Yetyukov and S. Abi-Zeid,Tsvetn. Met. 51 (1978) 41.

    Google Scholar 

  49. W. Herzog and A. Klemm,Z. Naturforschung 15a (1960) 1100.

    Google Scholar 

  50. W. Herzog and A. Klemm,Z. Naturforschung 16a (1961) 5239.

    Google Scholar 

  51. G. M. Haarberg, ‘Electrochemical Properties of Dissolved Metal in Molten Salts’, Doctorate thesis, The University of Trondheim, NTH (1985).

  52. W. E. Haupin, R. S. Danchik and J. W. Luffy, “Light Metals’, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA, USA (1976) Vol. 1, p. 159.

    Google Scholar 

  53. W. E. Haupin and W. C. McGrew,Aluminium 51 (1975) 273.

    Google Scholar 

  54. J. Thonstad and S. Rolseth, ‘Light Metals’, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA, USA (1976) Vol. 1, p. 171.

    Google Scholar 

  55. J. Thonstad and R. Oblakowski,Electrochim. Acta 25 (1980) 223.

    Google Scholar 

  56. L. E. Topol, S. J. Yosim and R. A. Osteryoung,J. Phys. Chem. 65 (1961) 1511.

    Google Scholar 

  57. J. J. Egan,J. Phys. Chem. 65C (1961) 2222.

    Google Scholar 

  58. J. D. Van Norman, J. S. Bookless and J. J. Egan,J. Phys. Chem. 70 (1966) 1276.

    Google Scholar 

  59. M. M. Yetyukov and A. Fransis,Sov. Electrochem. 5 (1969) 331.

    Google Scholar 

  60. T. A. Lavrova and R. Yu. Bek,Sov. Electrochem. 5 (1963) 52.

    Google Scholar 

  61. J. D. van Norman and J. J. Egan,J. Phys. Chem. 67 (1963) 2460.

    Google Scholar 

  62. J. D. van Norman,J. Electrochem. Soc. 112 (1965) 1126.

    Google Scholar 

  63. M. V. Smirnov, V. V. Chebykin and L. A. Tsiovkina,Electrochim. Acta 26 (1981) 1275.

    Google Scholar 

  64. C. Wagner,Proc. CITCE 7 (1957) 361.

    Google Scholar 

  65. J. B. Wagner and C. Wagner,J. Chem. Phys. 26 (1957) 1597.

    Google Scholar 

  66. R. J. Heus and J. J. Egan,J. Phys. Chem. 77 (1973) 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  67. R. J. Heus and J. J. Egan, ‘Proc. Int. Symp. Molten Salts’, Electrochem. Soc., Princeton (1976) p. 523.

  68. R. E. Davis, R. J. Heus and J. J. Egan, ‘Proc. Second Int. Symp. Molten Salts’, Electrochem. Soc., Princeton (1981).

  69. G. M. Haarberg, K. S. Osen and J. J. Egan, ‘Proc. Joint Int. Symp. Molten Salts’ (1987), p. 235.

  70. G. M. Haarberg, K. S. Osen, J. J. Egan, H. Heyer and W. Freyland,Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 139.

    Google Scholar 

  71. G. J. Reynolds, M. C. Y. Lee and R. A. Huggins, ‘Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. Molten Salts’, Electrochem. Soc., Princeton (1983) p. 519.

  72. C. Wagner,Z. Electrochem. 60 (1956) 4.

    Google Scholar 

  73. J. B. Wagner and C. Wagner,J. Chem. Phys. 26 (1957) 1597.

    Google Scholar 

  74. J. Delcet, R. J. Heus and J. J. Egan,J. Electrochem. Soc. 125 (1978) 755.

    Google Scholar 

  75. O. Stasiw,Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen II 50 (1933) 387.

    Google Scholar 

  76. A. Smakula,Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, Math-Physik K1. II 1 (4) (195).

  77. G. Heiland,Z. Phys. 127 (1950) 144.

    Google Scholar 

  78. P. P. Edwards,Phys. Chem. Liq. 10 (1981) 198.

    Google Scholar 

  79. N. F. Mott,Adv. Phys. 16 (1967) 49.

    Google Scholar 

  80. M. C. R. Symons,Chem. Soc. Rev. 5 (1976) 337.

    Google Scholar 

  81. J. C. Thompson, ‘Electrons in Liquid Ammonia’, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  82. S. A. Rice,Discuss. Faraday Soc. 32 (1961) 181.

    Google Scholar 

  83. I. Katz and S. A. Rice,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94 (1972) 4824.

    Google Scholar 

  84. P. J. Durham and D. A. Greenwood,Phil. Mag. 33 (1976) 427.

    Google Scholar 

  85. T. Emi and J. O'M. Bockris,Electrochim. Acta 16 (1971) 2081.

    Google Scholar 

  86. N. H. Nachtrieb,Adv. Chem. Phys. 31 (1975) 465.

    Google Scholar 

  87. N. Nicoloso and W. Freyland,J. Phys. Chem. 87 (1983) 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  88. J. J. Egan and W. Freyland,Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 89 (1985) 381.

    Google Scholar 

  89. F. A. Kroger, ‘The Chemistry of Imperfect Crystals’, Vol. 2, 2nd edn, North Holland, American Elsevier(1974).

    Google Scholar 

  90. C. Wagner,Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 77 (1973) 518.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratories of Industrial Electrochemistry, University of Trondheim, The Norwegian Institute of Technology, 7034, Trondheim, Norway

    G. M. Haarberg & J. Thonstad

Authors
  1. G. M. Haarberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Thonstad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Haarberg, G.M., Thonstad, J. Electrochemical properties of metal-molten salt mixtures. J Appl Electrochem 19, 789–801 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01007924

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01007924

Keywords

Search

Navigation