Skip to main content
Log in

Criterion for establishing deviations from the local thermodynamic equilibrium in atmospheric pressure plasma jets

  • Published:
Wärme - und Stoffübertragung Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper a dimensionless parameter is defined which allows the prediction of the thermodynamic state in the field-free plasma jet of D. C. operated plasma torches of various designs. This dimensionless parameterP is derived from the conservation equations applied to a two-step temperature and velocity model and contains only quantities which can be experimentally determined without using sophisticated equipment. Critical values ofP based on a critical electron density of 1016 cm−3 have been calculated for argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and helium and corresponding values of Pcrit have been determined experimentally for two different D. C. operated argon plasma torches using various diagnostic techniques. The experimental values corroborate the assumptions made for the calculation of Pcrit. ForP < Pcrit, substantial deviations from the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) may occur.

Zusammenfassung

Zur thermodynamischen Beschreibung des Plasmazustandes im feldfreien Strahl verschiedener Gleichstrom Plasmabrenner wird ein dimensionsloser Parameter eingeführt, der aus den Erhaltungsgleichungen, angewandt auf ein Zweistufenmodell, gewonnen wird. Dieser ParameterP, der für Argon, Wasserstoff, Stickstoff, Sauerstoff und Helium mit der Annahme einer kritischen Elektronendichte von 1016cm−3 berechnet wurde, enthält nur Größen, die sich mit geringem experimentellem Aufwand bestimmen lassen. Durch die Anwendung einer Reihe diagnostischer Verfahren auf zwei verschiedene Argon-Plasmabrenner erhält man entsprechende kritische Parameter, die die theoretischen Annahmen bestätigen. Im FalleP < Pcrit sind wesentliche Abweichungen vom lokalen thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht (LTE) zu erwarten.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

B :

magnetic field strength

E :

Electric field strength

F L :

Lorentz force

h :

enthalpy

I :

total arc current

j :

electric current density

k :

thermal conductivity

\(\dot m\) :

mass flow rate

P :

critical parameter

p :

pressure

Q :

heat flux in the plasma jet

Qel :

heat flux to the electrodes

QR :

heat flux due to radiation

r :

radial coordinate

R :

radius of anode nozzle

t :

time

T :

temperature

UR :

radiation heat flux per unit volume

ν :

velocity

\(\bar v\) ze :

velocity of the cold gas envelope inz direction, averaged over the length z1 z 0

W :

electric power input to the arc

z :

axial coordinate

μ :

viscosity

ϱ :

density

σ :

electrical conductivity

c:

hot core

e:

cold gas envelope

r:

radial direction

z:

axial direction

φ :

tangential direction

0:

location inz direction (see Pig. 2)

1:

location inz direction (see Pig. 2)

References

  1. Freeman, M. P.: J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf. 8 (1968) p. 435.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Olsen, N. H., 6.Bedjai and R. B.Maetindill: ARL 67-0060 (1967).

  3. Jacobs, P. F., and J.Grey: ARL 66-0143 (1966).

  4. Incropera, F. P., andG. Leppert: ISA Trans. 6 (1967) p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ahlborn, B.: Z. Naturforschung 20a (1965) p. 466.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Grey, J., P. F. Jacobs andM. P. Sherman: Review of Scientific Instruments 33 (1962) p. 738.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Griem, H. R.: Plasma Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill, New York (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Drawin, H. W.: Z. Naturforschung 24a (1969) p. 149.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Drawin, H. W.: Z. Physik 228 (1969) p. 99.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Maecker, H.: Z. Physik 141 (1955) p. 198.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Drellishak, K. S., C. F.Knopp and A. B.Cambel: AEDC-TDR-146 (1963).

  12. Burhorn, F., andR. Wienecke: Z. Phys. Chemie 215 (1960) p. 285.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lick, W. J., andH. W. EmmonS: Thermodynamic Properties of Helium to 50,000 °K: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Drellishak, K. S., D. P.Aeschliman and A. B.Cambel: AEDC-TDR-12 (1964).

  15. Cremers, C. J., and E.Pfender: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (1968) 1203; see also ARL 64-191 (1964).

  16. Griem, H. R., A. C.Kolb and K. J.Shen: NRL Report No. 5455 (1960).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This work was supported partially by the Aerospace Research Laboratories, USAF, under Contract F 33 615-67-C-1353.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Boffa, C., Heberlein, J. & Pfender, E. Criterion for establishing deviations from the local thermodynamic equilibrium in atmospheric pressure plasma jets. Wärme- und Stoffübertragung 4, 213–221 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01002476

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01002476

Keywords

Navigation