Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Current role of gallium scanning in the management of lymphoma

  • Review Article
  • Published:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gallium 67 scanning in the malignant lympho mas has been done, with variable success, for over 20 years. After initial enthusiasm, the technique fell into disrepute and it was not until the early 1980s that it enjoyed a revival. There have been many major contributions to the literature, both favourable and unfavourable. The reasons for the latter include: poor instrumentation (only single-pulse height analysis), low gallium 67 doses, impatient and careless scanning techniques, timing of the study after treatment (chemotherapy, radiation) and insensitive methods of confirmation of the presence or absence of disease (“truth”). Anatomical diagnostic techniques (computed tomography, plain X-radiography, magnetic resonance imaging and others) are incapable of distinguishing viable tumour in normal size lymph nodes or necrotic/fibrotic residual masses. With improvements in instrumentation (triple-pulse height analysis, gamma camera resolution and tomographic techniques) gallium 67 can detect active tumour in residual masses and in normal-size nodes. This is due to gallium 67's unique ability to localize in viable tumour cells. It has greater than 90% sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive predictive value in patients with lymphoma. Its major contributions are in: staging (changing management of mediastinal disease, obviating the need for a laparotomy and clearlyidentifying stage IV disease); detecting relapse or residual, progressive disease (it establishes true complete remission and is often the first and only evidence of relapse before clinical evidence); predicting response to therapy (failure to convert to a negative scan post-treatment signals a poor prognosis and alternative therapy is required); and predicting outcome — prognosis (it is the only diagnostic modality to predict outcome accurately).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alfrey CP, Lane M, Karjala RJ (1966) Modification of ferrokinetics in man by cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer 19:428–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman KI, Gerber GB, Okada S (1970) In: Radiation biochemistry, vol 2. Academic, New York, p 18

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson KC, Leonard RCF, Canellos GP, Skarin AT, Kaplan WD (1983) High dose gallium imaging in lymphoma. Am J Med 75:327–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews GA, Hubner KF, Greenlaw RH (1978) Gallium-67 citrate imaging in malignant lymphoma: final report of co-operative group. J Nucl Med 19:1013–1019

    Google Scholar 

  • Anghileri LJ (1973) The mechanism of accumulation of radiogallium and radiolanthanides in tumors. J Nucl Med Biol 17:177–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Anghileri LJ, Crone-Escanye MC, Thouvenot P, Brunette F, Robert J (1988) Mechanisms of gallium-67 accumulation by tumors: role of cell membrane permeability. J Nucl Med 29:663–668

    Google Scholar 

  • Aulbert E, Gebhardt A, Schulz E (1976) Isolation of the 67-gallium accumulating fraction in normal rat liver. Nuklearmedizin 15:185–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakshi SP, Parthasarathy KL (1974) Combination of laxatives for cleansing of67Ga-citrate activity in the bowel. J Nucl Med 15:470

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekerman C, Pavel DG, Bitran J, Yun Ryo U, Pinsky S (1984) The effects of inadvertent administration of antineoplastic agents prior to Ga-67 injection: concise communication. J Nucl Med 25:430–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekerman C, Hoffer PB, Bitran JD (1985) The role of gallium-67 in the clinical evaluation of cancer. Semin Nucl Med 15:72–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell EA, Joshua DE, McLaughlin AF, Green D, Kronenberg H, May J (1986) Early supra-diaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease. High dose gallium scanning obviates the need for staging laparotomy. Cancer 58:883–885

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley WP, Alderson PO, Eckelman WC, Hamilton RG, Weiss JF (1978) Decreased tumor uptake of gallium-67 in animals after whole-body irradiation. J Nucl Med 19:204–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley P, Alderson PO, Weiss JF (1979) Effect of iron deficiency on the biodistribution and tumor uptake of Ga-67 citrate in animals: concise communication. J Nucl Med 20:243–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Brascho DJ, Durant JR, Green LE (1977) The accuracy of retroperitoneal ultrasonography in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Radiology 125:485–487

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown DH, Swartzendruber DC, Carlton JE (1973) The isolation and characterization of gallium-binding granules from soft tissue tumors. J Nucl Med Biol 17:177–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown DH, Byrd BL, Carlton JE, Swartzendruber DC, Hayes RL (1976) A quantitative study of the subcellular localization of67Ga. Cancer Res 36:956–963

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabanillas F, Zoroza J, Haynie T, Rodriguez V (1977) Comparison of lymphangiograms and gallium scans in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Cancer 39:85–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Canellos GP (1988) Residual mass in lymphoma may not be residual disease (editorial). J Clin Oncol 6:931–933

    Google Scholar 

  • Caride VJ, Gottschalk A (1977) Recent advances in cancer diagnosis in nuclear medicine techniques. Cancer 40:495–499

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausen J, Edeling CJ, Fogh J (1974) Ga-67 binding to human serum protein and tumor components. Cancer Res 34:1931–1937

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVito RP, Stoub EW, Siegel ME (1986) Weighted acquisition using finite spatial filters for real-time scatter removal. J Nucl Med 27:960

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienstvier Z, Bechyne M, Cerna J, Rezny Z (1978) Scintigraphy methods in the diagnosis of M. Hodgkin. Eur J Nucl Med 3:11–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Donahue DM, Leonard JC, Basmadjian GP, Nitschke RM, Hinkle GH, Loe RD, Wilson DA, Tunell WP (1981) Thymic gallium-67 localization in pediatric patients on chemotherapy: concise communication. J Nucl Med 22:1043–1048

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudley HC, Imirie GW Jr, Istock JT (1950) Deposition of radiogallium (72Ga) in proliferating tissues. Radiology 55:571–578

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards CL, Hayes RL (1969) Tumor scanning with67Ga citrate. J Nucl Med 10:103–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards CL, Hayes RL (1970) Scanning malignant neoplasms with gallium-67. J Am Med Assoc 212:1182–1190

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher JW, Herbig FK, Donati FM (1975)67Ga citrate distribution following whole-body irradiation or chemotherapy. Radiology 117:709–712

    Google Scholar 

  • Font D, Israel O (1989) Nuclear medicine in monitoring response to cancer treatment (editorial). J Nucl Med 30:1731–1736

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez GA, Reese PA, Nava H, Panahon AM, Barcos M, Stutzman L, Han T, Henderson ES (1984) Staging laparotomy and splenectomy in early Hodgkin's disease, no therapeutic benefit. Am J Med 77:205–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenlaw RH, Weinstein MB, Brill AB, McBain JK, Murphy L, Kniseley RM (1974)67Ga-citrate imaging in untreated malignant lymphoma: preliminary report of cooperative group. J Nucl Med 15:404–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunasekera S, King LT, Lavender PJ (1972) The behaviour of trace gallium-67 towards serum proteins. Clinica Chim Acta 39:401–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammersley PAG (1984) Relative tumour enhancement of67Ga uptake by desferrioxamine. Eur J Nucl Med 9:467–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammersley PAG, Zivanovic MA (1976) Gallium-67 uptake in the regenerating rat liver. J Nucl Med 17:226

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris AW, Sephton RG (1977) Transferrin promotion of67Ga and59Fe uptake by cultured mouse myeloma cells. Cancer Res 37:3634–3638

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris WR, Pecoraro VL (1983) Thermodynamic binding constants for gallium transferrin. Biochemistry 22:292–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman RE, Hayes RE (1969) The binding of gallium by blood serum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 168:193–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RE (1976) Factors affecting uptake of radioactive agents by tumour and other tissues. In: Tumour localization with radioactive agents. Vienna, IAEA, pp 29–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RL, Carlton JE (1973) A study of macro molecular binding of67Ga in normal and malignant animal tissue. Cancer Res 33:3265–3272

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RL, Edwards CL (1973) The effect of stable scandium on red blood cells and on the retention and excretion of 67-Ga in humans. South Med J 66:1339–1340

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RL, Carlton JE, Byrd BL (1965) Bone scanning with gallium-68: a carrier effect. J Nucl Med 6:605–610

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RL, Carlton JE, Byrd BL (1969) Factors affecting localization of 67-gallium in animal tumors. J Nucl Med 10:406

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RL, Byrd BL, Rafter JJ, Carlton JE (1980) The effect of scandium on the tissue distribution of Ga-67 in normal and tumor-bearing rodents. J Nucl Med 21:361–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RL, Rafter JJ, Byrd BL, Carlton JE (1981) Studies of the in vivo entry of Ga-67 into normal and malignant tissue. J Nucl Med 22:325–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Henkin RE, Polcyn RE, Quinn JL III (1974) Scanning treated Hodgkin's disease with 67 Ga citrate. Radiology 110:151–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman T, Jones S (1976) Systematic restaging in patients with Hodgkin's disease: a southwest oncology group study. Cancer 42:1976–1982

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer PB (1978a) Mechanisms of localization. In: Hoffer PB, Bekerman C, Henkin RE (eds) Gallium-67 imaging. John Wiley, New York, pp 4–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer PB (1978b) The utility of gallium-67 in tumour imaging: a comment on the final reports of the co-operative study group. J Nucl Med 19:1082–1083

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer PB, Huberty J, Khayam-Bashi H (1977a) The association of Ga-67 and lactoferrin. J Nucl Med 18:713–717

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer PB, Schor R, Ashby D, Metz C, Hattner R, Handmaker H, Price DC, Shames DM, Lilien D, Lim CE (1977b) Comparison with Ga-67 citrate images obtained with rectilinear scanner and large-field Anger camera. J Nucl Med 18:538–541

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer PB, Samuel A, Bushberg T, Thakur M (1979) Effect of desferrioxamine on tissue and tumor retention of gallium-67: concise communication. J Nucl Med 20:248–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn NL, Ray GR, Kriss JP (1976) Gallium-67 citrate scanning in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer 37:250–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurst R, Sabio H, Teates CD (1988) Gallium-67 uptake in thymic rebound. South Med J 81:1167–1169

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton BF, Smart R, Fulton RR (1983) Contrast quantitation as a screening test of gamma camera performance. Aust NZ J Med 13:656

    Google Scholar 

  • Hays J, Schelstraete K, Simons M (1982) Gallium-67 imaging in Hodgkin's disease. Clin Nucl Med 7:174–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Iosilevsky G, Front D, Bettman L, Hardoff R, Ben-Arieh Y (1985) Uptake of gallium-67 citrate and 2-H-3 deoxyglucose in the tumour model, following chemotherapy and radiotherapy. J Nucl Med 26:278–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Israel O, Front D, Menachem L, Ben-Haim S, Kleinhaus U, Ben-Shachar M, Robinson E, Kolodny GM (1978) Gallium-67 imaging in monitoring lymphoma response to treatment. Cancer 61:2439–2443

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito Y, Okuyama S, Sato K, Takahashi K, Sato T, Kanno I (1971) 67-Ga tumor scanning and its mechanism studied in rabbits. Radiology 100:357–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Jochelson M, Mauch P, Balikian J, Rosenthal D, Canellos G (1985) The significance of the residual mediastinal mass in treated Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Oncol 3:637–640

    Google Scholar 

  • Jochelson MS, Herman TS, Stomper PC, Mauch PM, Kaplan WD (1988) Planning mantle radiation therapy in patients with Hodgkin's disease: role of gallium-67 scintigraphy. Am J Roentgenol 151:1229–1231

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston GS, Benua RS, Teates CD, Edwards CL, Kniseley RM (1974)67Ga-citrate imaging in untreated Hodgkin's disease: preliminary report of cooperative group. J Nucl Med 15:399–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston GS, Mae FG, Benua RS, Larson SM, Andrews GA, Hubner KF (1977) Gallium-67 citrate imaging in Hodgkin's disease: final report of cooperative group. J Nucl Med 18:692–698

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshua DE, Dalgleish A, Kroneberg H (1984) Is staging laparotomy necessary in patients with supra-diaphragmatic Stage I and Ila Hodgkin's disease? Lancet 1:847–848

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshua DE, McLaughlin AF, Kronenberg H, Bautovich GJ, Morris JG, Wylie BR, Southee AE, Gibson J (1989) Residual mass and gallium scanning (letter to editor). J Clin Oncol 7:144–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan WD, Anderson KC, Leonard RCF (1983) High dose gallium imaging in the evaluation of lymphoma. J Nucl Med 24:50

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan WD, Jochelson M, Herman T, Stomper P (1988) Use of gallium-67 citrate (Ga-67) to predict response to therapy of diffuse, large cell lymphoma (DLCL). J Nucl Med 29:799

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay DN, McReady VR (1972) Clinical isotope scanning using67Ga citrate in the management of Hodgkin's disease. Br J Radiol 45:437–443

    Google Scholar 

  • King DJ, Dowson AA, McDonald AF (1980) Gallium scanning in lymphoma. Clin Radiol 31:729–732

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohno H, Lizuka Y, Suzuki T, Ohkubo Y, Kubodera A (1985) Developmental changes in tissue distributions of gallium-67 citrate. J Nucl Med 26:761–764

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson SM, Carrasquillo JA (1988) Nuclear oncology: current perspectives. In: Freeman, Weissmann (eds) Nuclear medicine annual. Raven, New York, pp 167–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson SM, Hoffer PB (1978) Normal patterns of localization. In: Hoffer PB, Bekerman C, Henkin RE (eds) Gallium-67 imaging. John Wiley, New York, pp 23–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson SM, Allen DR, Rasey JS, Grunbaum Z (1978) Kinetics of binding of carrier-free Ga-67 to human transferrin. J Nucl Med 19:1245–1249

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson SM, Rasey JS, Allen DR, Nelson NJ (1979a) A transferrin mediated uptake of gallium-67 by EMT-6 sarcoma. I Studies in tissue culture. J Nucl Med 20:837–842

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson SM, Rasey JS, Allen DR, Grunbaum Z (1979b) A transferrin mediated uptake of gallium-67 by EMT-6 sarcomas. II Studies in vivo (BALB/C mice). J Nucl Med 20:843–846

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson SM, Rasey JS, Allen DR, Nelson NJ, Grunbaum Z, Harp GD, Williams DL (1980) Common pathway for tumor cell uptake of gallium-67 and iron-59 via a transferrin receptor. J Natl Cancer Inst 64:41–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavender JP, Lowe J, Barker JR, Burn JI, Chaudhri MA (1971) Gallium-67 scanning in neoplastic and inflammatory lesions. Br J Radiol 44:361–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Lentle BC, Castor WR, Khalig A, Dierich H (1975) The effect of contrast lymphangiography on localization of67Ga-citrate. J Nucl Med 16:374–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi JA, O'Connell MJ, Murphy WL, Sutherland JC, Wiernik PH (1975) Role of 67 gallium citrate scanning in the management of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer 36:1690–1701

    Google Scholar 

  • Lister TA, Crowther T, Sutcliffe SB, Canellos GP, Young RC, Resenberg SA, Coltman CA, Tubiana M (1989) Report of a committee convened to discuss the evaluation and staging of patients with Hodgkin's disease: Cotswolds meeting. J Clin Oncol 7:1630–1636

    Google Scholar 

  • Loisillier F, Got R, Burtin P, Grabar P (1966) Recherches sur la localisation tissulaire et l'autoantigenicité de la lactotransferrine. Protides Biol Fluids 14:133–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Longo DL, Schilsky RL, Blei L, Cano R, Johnston GS, Young RC (1980) Gallium-67 scanning: limited usefulness in staging patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Am J Med 68:695–700

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin JJ, Sephton RG (1978) Gallium-67 scanning in the malignant lymphomas. Aust Radiol 22:340–346

    Google Scholar 

  • McCaffrey JA, Rudders RA, Kahn PC, Harvey HA, De Lellis RA (1976) Clinical usefulness of67gallium scanning in the malignant lymphomas. Am J Med 60:523–530

    Google Scholar 

  • McCready VR, Dance DR, Hammersley P, Nash A, Peckham MJ (1973) Clinical and experimental observations on gallium-67 citrate uptake in Hodgkin's and other diseases. IAEA, Vienna, pp 565–581

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin AF, Chu J, Howman-Giles R (1981) Whole body gallium scanning in malignant lymphoma — its role in 1980. Aust NZ J Med 11:436

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray KJ, Elliott AT, Wadsworth J (1979) A new phantom for the assessment of nuclear medicine imaging equipment. Phys Med Biol 24:188–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson B, Hayes RL, Edwards CL, Kniseley RM, Andrews GA (1972) Distribution of gallium in human tissues after intravenous administration. J Nucl Med 13:92–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann RD, Hoffer PB (1988) Gallium for detection of malignant disease. In: Gottschalk A, Hoffer PB, Potchen E (eds) Diagnostic nuclear medicine, vol 2. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 1078–1081

    Google Scholar 

  • Noujaim AA, Turner CJ, Van Niewwenhuyze BM, Turner U, Lentle BC (1981) An investigation of the mechanism ofcis-diamine dichloroplatinum (cis-pt) interference with radiogallium uptake in tumors. Aust NZ J Med 11:437

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Donnell JK, Cordasco EM, Go RT (1985) Improved evaluation of pulmonary sarcoidosis with Ga-67 transaxial emission tomography. Radiology 157:155

    Google Scholar 

  • Orii H (1972) Tumor scanning with gallium (67Ga) and its mechanism studied in rats. Strahlentherapie 144:192–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson AHG, McCready VR (1975a) Review article: tumour imaging radiopharmaceuticals. Br J Radiol 48:520–531

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson AHG, McCready VR (1975b) The current status of gallium 67 scanning. Br J Radiol 48:944

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinsky SM, Henkin RE (1976) Gallium-67 tumour scanning. Semin Nucl Med 4:397–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Potchen EJ, Elliott AJ, Siegel BA, Struder R, Evens RG (1971) Pathophysiological basis of soft tissue tumor scanning. J Surg Oncol 3:593–602

    Google Scholar 

  • Radford JA, Cowan RA, Flanagan M, Dunn G, Crowther D, Johnson RJ, Eddleston B (1988) The significance of residual mediastinal abnormality on the chest radiograph following treatment for Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Oncol 6:940–946

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudders R, McCaffrey JA, Kahn P (1977) The relative roles of gallium-67 citrate scanning and lymphangiography in the current management of malignant lymphoma. Cancer 40:1439–1443

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffel U, Tsan ME (1980) Effect of serum unbound iron-binding capacity on the tissue distribution of67Ga in abscess bearing rabbits. Nuklearmedizin 19:274

    Google Scholar 

  • Sephton RG, Harris AW (1975) Gallium-67 citrate uptake by cultured tumor cells, stimulated by serum transferrin. J Natl Cancer Inst 54:1263–1266

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi VS, Shihabi Z, Spurr CI (1984) Increase of serum iron concentrations in rhesus monkeys and humans on administration of vincristine, vinblastine or vindesine. Cancer Treat Rep 68:933–936

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel ME, Lee KH, DeVito RP, Chen O, Chen DCP (1986) Weighted acquisition: a method for improving bone and gallium images. J Nucl Med 27:988

    Google Scholar 

  • Silberstein EB (1976) Cancer diagnosis, the role of tumor-imaging radiopharmaceuticals. Am J Med 60:226–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith FW, Dendy PP (1981) Modification of gallium-67 citrate distributions in man following the administration of iron. Br J Radiol 54:398–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Southee AE, Wylie BR, McLaughlin AF, Joshua DE, Kronenberg H, Morris JG (1988) Gallium scintigraphy in the management of mediastinal Hodgkin's disease. Aust NZ J Med 18:508

    Google Scholar 

  • Southee AE, McLaughlin AF, Joshua DE, Bautovich GJ, Hutton BF, Wylie BR, Kronenberg H, Morris JG (1989) Gallium scanning as a predictor of outcome in mediastinal Hodgkin's disease. Eur J Nucl Med 15:547

    Google Scholar 

  • Swartzendruber DC, Nelson B, Hayes RL (1971) Gallium-67 1oca1isation in lysosomal-like granules of leukemic and nonleukemic murine tissues. J Natl Cancer Inst. 46:941–952

    Google Scholar 

  • Swartzendruber DC, Hubern KF (1973) Effect of external whole body X-irradiation on gallium-67 retention in mouse tissues. Radiat Res 55:457–468

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeda S, Uchida T, Matsuzawa T (1977) A comparative study on lysosomal accumulation of gallium-67 and indium-111 in Morris hepatoma 731GA. J Nucl Med 18:835–839

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas F, Cosset JM, Cherel P, Renaudy N, Carde P, Piekarski JD (1988) Thoracic CT-scanning follow-up of residual masses after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Radiother Oncol 11:119–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsan MF, Schefel U, Tsen KY, Camago EE (1980) Factors affecting the binding of gallium-67 in serum. Int J Nuc Med Biol 7:270–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsan MF, Scheffel U (1986) Mechanism of gallium-67 accumulation in tumors. J Nucl Med 27:1215–1219

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsan MF, Scheffel U (1988) Mechanism of gallium-67 accumulation in tumors. J Nucl Med 29:2019–2020

    Google Scholar 

  • Tumeh SS, Rosenthal DS, Kaplan WD, English RJ, Holman BL (1987) Lymphoma: evaluation with Ga-67 SPECT. Radiology 164:111–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner DA, Pinsky SM, Gottschalk A, Hoffer PB, Ultmann JE, Harper PB (1972) The use of 67-Ga scanning in the staging of Hodgkin's disease. Radiology 103:97–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner DA, Gottschalk A, Hoffer PB, Harper PV, Morgan E, Ultmann JE (1973) Gallium-67 scanning in the staging of Hodgkin's disease. IAEA, Vienna, pp 615–629

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner DA, Fordham EW, Slayton RE (1978a) Malignant lymphoma. In: Hoffer PB, Bekerman C, Henkin RE (eds) Gallium-67 imaging. John Wylie, New York, pp 95–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner DA, Fordham EW, Ali A, Slayton RE (1978b) Gallium-67 imaging in the management of Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas. Semin Nucl Med 8:205–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Ultman JE, Jacobs RH (1985) The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. CA 35:66–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallabhajosula SR, Harwig JF, Siemsen JK, Wolf W (1980) Radiogallium localization in tumors: blood binding and transport and the role of transferrin. J Nucl Med 21:650–656

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallabhajosula SR, Harwig JF, Wolf W (1982) Effect of pH on tumour cell uptake of radiogallium in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Nucl Med 7:462–468

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallabhajosula S, Goldsmith SJ, Lipszyc H, Chahinian AP, Ohnuma T (1983)67Ga-transferrin and67Ga-lactoferrin binding to tumor cells: specific versus nonspecific glycoprotein-cell interaction. Eur J Nucl Med 8:354–357

    Google Scholar 

  • White L, Miller J, Reid B (1984) Preoperative ultrasound and gallium-67 evaluation of abdominal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Am J Dis Child 138:740–745

    Google Scholar 

  • Winchell HS (1976) Mechanisms for localization of radiopharmaceuticals in neoplasms. Semin Nucl Med 6:371–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Wylie BR, Southee AE, Joshua DE, McLaughlin AF, Gibson J, Hutton BF, Morris JG, Kronenberg H (1989) Gallium scanning in the management of mediastinal Hodgkin's disease. Eur J Haematol 42:344–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang SL, Alderson PO, Kaizer HA, Wagner HN Jr (1979) Serial Ga-67 citrate imaging in children with neoplastic disease: concise communication. J Nucl Med 20:210–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeman RK, Ryerson TW (1977) The value of bowel preparations in Ga-67 citrate scanning: concise communication. J Nucl Med 18:886–889

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, 2050, Camperdown, NSW, Australia

    Andrew F. McLaughlin, Michael A. Magee, Robert Greenough, Kevin C. Allman, Andrew E. Southee, Steven R. Meikle, Brian F. Hutton, George J. Bautovich & John G. Morris

  2. Department of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, 2050, Camperdown, NSW, Australia

    Douglas E. Joshua

Authors
  1. Andrew F. McLaughlin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael A. Magee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Robert Greenough
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kevin C. Allman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Andrew E. Southee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Steven R. Meikle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Brian F. Hutton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Douglas E. Joshua
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. George J. Bautovich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. John G. Morris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

McLaughlin, A.F., Magee, M.A., Greenough, R. et al. Current role of gallium scanning in the management of lymphoma. Eur J Nucl Med 16, 755–771 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00998184

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00998184

Key words

Search

Navigation