Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evolutionary trends in the androecium of theOrchidaceae

  • Published:
Plant Systematics and Evolution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The evolution of the androecium in theOrchidaceae shows three major trends. There is a progressive trend in the degree of fusion of the filament(s) and staminode(s) to the gynoecium. Secondly, there is a reduction in the number of fertile anthers. Finally, there is a progressive change in the position of the base of the anther relative to the apex of the stigma; in the more primitive orchids the apex of the stigma is always higher than the base of the anther (this position is reversed in the higher orchids). All three trends reflect variation in the evolution of pollen dispersal and pollen reception mechanisms in theOrchidaceae. Trends in the evolution of the orchid anther(s) tend to parallel trends in the evolution of their pollinaria.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  • Ackerman, J. D., 1983: Euglossine bee pollination of the orchidCochleanthes lipscombiae: a food source mimic. — Amer. J. Bot.70, 872–876.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, R. M., Goss, G. J., 1976: The reproductive biology of the epiphytic orchids of Florida, 3.Epidendrum anceps Jacquin. — Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.45, 488–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeda, F. Jr., 1978: Systematics of the genusMonochaetum (Melastomataceae) in Mexico and Central America. — Univ. of California Press, Publications in Botany75, 1–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atwood, J. T., 1982: How isPaphiopedilum pollinated? — Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.51, 1057–1058.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beardsell, D. V., Bernhardt, P., 1983: Pollination biology of Australian terrestrial orchids. — InWilliams, E. G., Knox, R. B., Gilbert, J. H., Bernhardt, P., (Eds.): Pollination 1982. — Parkville, Vic.: University of Melbourne Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchmann, S. L., 1983: Buzz pollination in angiosperms, pp. 73–113. — InJones, C. E., Little, R. J., (Eds.): Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology. — New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Scientific and Academic Editions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns-Balogh, P., Funk, V. A., 1985 (in print): A Phylogenetic Analysis of theOrchidaceae. — Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calder, D. M., Adams, P. B., Slater, A. T., 1983: The floral biology and breeding system ofDendrobium speciosum Sm., pp. 184–192. — InWilliams, E. G., Knox, R. B., Gilbert, J. H., Bernhardt, P.: Pollination 1982. — Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catling, P. M., 1983: Pollination of North AmericanSpiranthes (Orchidaceae). — Can. J. Bot.61, 1080–1093.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, E., 1929: Pollination of an Australian orchid:Cryptostylis leptochila Muell. F. V. — Ann. Bot.67, 97–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dafni, A., Ivri, Y., 1981: Floral mimicry betweenOrchis israelitica Baumann & Dafni (Orchidaceae) andBellevalia flexuosa Boiss. (Liliaceae). — Oecologia (Berl.)49, 229–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren, R. M., Clifford, H. T., 1982: The Monocotyledons: A Comparative Study. — London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dressler, R. L., 1981: The Orchids, Natural History and Classification. — Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  • Dulberger, R., Ornduff, R., 1980: Floral morphology and reproductive biology of four species ofCyanella (Tecophileaceae). — New Phyt.86, 45–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, R. E., 1958: Triggerplants. — Paterson Brokensha Pty. Ltd.

  • Faegri, K., van der Pijl, L., 1966: Principles of Pollination Ecology. — London: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Free, J. B., 1970: Insect Pollination of Crops. — London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godley, E., 1979: Flower biology in New Zealand. — New Zealand J. Botany17, 441–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goss, G. J., 1977a: The reproductive biology of the epiphytic orchids of Florida, 5.Epidendrum difforme Jacquin. — Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.46, 630–636.

    Google Scholar 

  • , 1977b: The reproductive biology of the epiphytic orchids of Florida, 6.Polystachya flavescens (Lindley)Smith, J. J. — Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.46, 990–994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heywood, V. H., (Ed.), 1978: Flowering Plants of the World. — New York: Mayflower books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopper, S. D., Burbidge, A. H., 1978: Assortive pollination by Red Wattlebirds (Anthochaera carunculata Shawn,Meliphagidae) in a hybrid population ofAnigozanthus Labill. (Haemodoraceae). — Aust. J. Bot.26, 335–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, D. H., DeVries, P., Gladstone, D. E., Higgins, M. L., 1980: Self- and cross-pollination ofEncyclia cordigera (Orchidaceae) in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. — Biotropica12, 72–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johns, J., Molloy, B., 1983: Native Orchids of New Zealand. — Wellington, New Zealand: A. H. and A. W. Reed Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. L., 1972: The pollination ofPrasophyllum alpinum R. Br. — Vict. Nat.89, 260–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • , 1975: The pollination ofMicrotis parviflora R. Br. — Annals of Bot.39, 585–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • - 1981: The pollination of selected Australian orchids, pp. 40–43. — In Proceedings Orchid Symp. 13th Intl. Bot. Congr., Sydney, Australia.

  • , 1974: The pollination ofCalochilus holtzei F. Muell. — Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.43, 604–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • , 1977: The pollination ofDendrobium ruppianum Hawkes, A. D. — Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull.46, 54–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, H., 1978: Systematics and pollination of the “closed-flowered” species ofCalathea (Marantaceae). — Univ. of California Press, Publications in Botany71, 1–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luer, C. A., 1975: The native orchids of the United States and Canada, excluding Florida. — New York: New York Botanical Garden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrhoff, L. A., 1983: Pollination in the genusIsotria (Orchidaceae). — Amer. J. Bot.70, 1444–1453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, W. H., 1969: Orchids of Australia. — Melbourne: Thomas Nelson Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, L. A., 1978a: Pollination ecology and adaptation inPlatanthera chlorantha (Orchidaceae). — Bot. Notiser131, 35–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • , 1978b: Pollination ecology ofEpipactis palustris (Orchidaceae). — Bot. Notiser131, 355–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • , 1979a: Anthecological studies on the lady's slipper,Cypripedium calceolus (Orchidaceae). — Bot. Notiser132, 329–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • , 1979b: The pollination ecology ofHerminium monorchis (Orchidaceae). — Bot. Notiser132, 537–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • , 1980: The pollination ecology ofDactylorhiza sambucina (Orchidaceae). — Bot. Notiser133, 367–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • , 1981: The pollination ecology ofListera ovata (Orchidaceae). — Nord. J. Bot.1, 461–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • , 1983: Anthecology ofOrchis mascula (Orchidaceae). — Nord. J. Bot.3, 157–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richard, L. C., 1817 (preprint): De Orchideis Europaeis Annotationes, Praesertim ad Genera Dilucidanda Spectantes. — Paris.

  • Schweinfurth, C., 1959: Classification of orchids. — InWithner, C.: The Orchids, a Scientific Survey. — New York: The Ronald Press Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senghas, K., 1973:Orchidoideae. — InBrieger, F. G., Maatsch, R., Senghas, K., (Eds.):R. Schlechter's Die Orchideen. — Berlin: Verlag Paul Parey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, G. L., 1967: Adaptive radiation and trends of evolution in higher plants. — InDobzhansky, T., Hecht, M. K., Steere, W. C., (Eds.): Evolutionary Biology1: pp. 101–140. — Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoutamire, W. P., 1967: Flower biology of the lady's slipper (Orchidaceae: Cypripedium). — Mich. Bot.6, 159–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thien, L. B., 1969: Mosquito pollination ofHabenaria obtusata (Orchidaceae). — Amer. J. Bot.56, 232–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • , 1972: The floral biology ofArethusa bulbosa, Calopogon tuberosus andPogonia ophioglossoides (Orchidaceae). — Can. J. Bot.50, 2319–2325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Pijl, L., Dodson, C. H., 1966: Orchid Flowers, Their Pollination and Evolution. — Coral Gables: University of Miami Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, S., 1978: Evolutionary shifts from reward to deception in pollen flowers, pp. 89–96. — InRichards, A. J., (Ed.): The Pollination of Flowers by Insects. — Linn. Soc. Symp. No.6. — London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, N. H., 1982: The biology of orchids and euglossine bees, pp. 121–171. — InArditti, J.: Orchid Biology, Reviews and Perspectives, II. — Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, NHB 166, Smithsonian Institution, 20650, Washington, DC, USA

    Pamela Burns-Balogh

  2. Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

    Peter Bernhardt

Authors
  1. Pamela Burns-Balogh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter Bernhardt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Burns-Balogh, P., Bernhardt, P. Evolutionary trends in the androecium of theOrchidaceae . Pl Syst Evol 149, 119–134 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984157

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984157

Key words

Search

Navigation