Skip to main content
Log in

Late Preceramic Peru

  • Published:
Journal of World Prehistory Aims and scope

Abstract

This paper presents a synthesis of current knowledge of Late Preceramic Peru (ca. 4450–3800 B.P.), a field of study that is less than 50 years old. A brief history of investigations and discussion of chronological systems are presented. A review of Late Preceramic achievements concentrating on subsistence economies and technology is followed by discussion of the social world of Late Preceramic Peru and current consensus and disputes regarding culture processes. Extensive long-distance exchange, farming, and social complexity are first clearly seen in the archaeological record during this time period. Nevertheless, the significance of this evidence with regard to the nature and intensity of the culture practices and processes that they represent is currently under investigation and in contention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alva, W. (1986). Las Salinas de Chao, Frühe Siedlung in Nord-Peru/Las Salinas de Chao, Asentamiento temprano en el Norte del Perú.Matrerialien zur Allegemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie, Band 34, Verlag C. H. Beck, Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benfer, R. A. (1986). Holocene coastal adaptations: Changing demography and health at the Fog Oasis of Paloma, Peru 5,000–7,000 B.P. In Matos M. R., Turpin, S. A., and Eling, H. H., Jr. (eds.),Andean Archaeology, Papers in Memory of Clifford Evans, Institute of Archaeology Monograph 27, University of California, Los Angeles, pp. 45–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benfer, R. A., Ojeda, B., and Weir, G. R. (1987). Early water management strategies on the coast of Peru. In Browman, D. L. (ed.),Risk Management and Arid Land Use Strategies in the Andes, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 195–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, J. B. (1943). Excavations in Northern Chile.Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 38(4): 179–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, J. B. (1948). Preceramic cultures in Chicama and Virú. In Bennett, W. C. (ed.), A Reappraisal of Peruvian Archaeology.Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology 4 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, J. B., Hyslop, J., and Skinner, M. D. (1985). The Preceramic Excavations at the Huaca Prieta Chicama Valley, Peru.Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 62, Part 1, New York.

  • Bird, R. McK. (1987). A postulated Tsunami and its effects on cultural development in the Peruvian Early Horizon.American Antiquity 52 285–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonavia, D. (1982).Los Gavilanes, mar, desierto y oásis en la historia del hombre, Editorial Ausonia, Lima.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonavia, D. (1988). De Las Begonias Al Maíz: un libro de la Universidad Nacional Agraria que debería hacernos meditar (From begonias to maize: A book from the National Agrarian University to meditate upon).Revista Peruana de Ciencias Sociales 1(2): 61–81. Lima.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonavia, D., and Grobman, A. (1989). Preceramic maize in the central Andes: A necessary clarification.American Antiquity 54(4): 836–840.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bueno Mendoza, A., and Grieder, T. (1979). Arquitectura precerámica de la sierra norte.Espacio 1(5). Lima.

  • Bueno Mendoza, A., and Grieder, T. (1980). La Galgada: Nuevo clave para la arqueología andina.Espacio 2(9), Lima.

  • Burger, R. L. (1980). The radiocarbon evidence for the temporal priority of Chavín de Huantar.American Antiquity 46(3): 592–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, R. L. (1985). Concluding remarks: Early Peruvian civilization and its relation to the Chavin Horizon. In Donnan, C. B. (ed.),Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, pp. 269–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, R. L. (1991). The socioeconomic basis for monumental architecture during Peru's initial period. Paper presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, April 26, New Orleans, LA.

  • Burger, R. L., and Asaro, F. (1977). Obsidian distribution and provenience in the central highlands and coast of Peru during the Preceramic Period.Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 36 51–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, R. L., and Salazar-Burger, L. (1980). Ritual and religion at Huaricoto.Archaeology 33 26–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, R. L., and Salazar-Burger, L. (1985). The early ceremonial center of Huaricoto. In Donnan, C. B. (ed.),Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, pp. 111–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, R. L., and Salazar-Burger, L. (1986). Early organizational diversity in the Peruvian highlands: Huaricoto and Kotosh. In Matos M., R., Turpin, S. A., and Eling, H. H., Jr. (eds.), Andean Archaeology, Papers in Memory of Clifford Evans,Monograph 27, Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, pp. 45–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, R. L., and Salazar-Burger, L. (1990). The chronology and function of Cardal's public architecture. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Midwest Conference on Andean and Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Feb. 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burger, R. L., and Van Der Merwe, N. (1990). Maize and the origin of highland Chavín civilization, an isotopic perspective.American Anthropologist 92(1): 85–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardenes, M. M. (1978). Obtención de una cronología del uso de los recurso marinos en el antiguo Perú.Arqueología PUC, Boletín del Seminario de Arqueología 19–20 (1977–1878), Publicación 107 del Instituto Riva Auero, Lima.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callen, E. O., and Cameron, T. W. M. (1960). A prehistoric diet revealed in coprolites.New Scientist 8(190): 35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardich, A. (1958). Los Yacimientos de Lauricocha, nuevas interpretaciones de la prehistoria peruana.Studia Praehistórica I. Centro Argentino de Estudios Prehistóricos, Buenos Aires.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardich, A. (1964). Lauricocha: Fundamentos para una Prehistoria de los Andes Centrales.Studia Praehistórica III. Centro Argentino de Estudios Prehisotoricos, Buenos Aires.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carneiro, R. L. (1970). A theory of the origin of the state.Science 169 733–738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauchat, C. (1972). Ensayo de tipología lítica del precerámico Peruano.Revista del Museo Nacional (Peru)38 125–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauchat, C. (1988). Early hunter-gatherers on the Peruvian coast. In Keatinge, R. W. (ed.),Peruvian Prehistory, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 41–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deza, J. (1988). Entierros de cenizas funerarisas, Chao, 4000 a.p. Paper presented at the Primer Convención Peruana de Arqueoloía Andina, Lima.

  • Dillehay, T. D. (1990). Mapuche ceremonial landscapes, social recruitment and resource rights.Journal of World Archaeology 22(2): 223–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillehay, T. D., and Collins, M. B. (1991). Monte Verde, Chile: A comment on Lynch.American Antiquity 56(2): 333–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillehay, T. D., and Netherly, P. A. (1983). Exploring the Upper Zaña Valley in Peru: A unique tropical forest setting offers insights into the Andean past.Archaeology 36(4): 22–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillehay, T. D., Netherly, P., and Rossen, J. (1989). Early Preceramic public and residential sites on the forested slope of the western Andes, Northern Peru.American Antiquity 54(4): 733–758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, F. A. (1957). Sites et Etablissements sans Céramique de la Côte Peruvienne.Journal de la Société des Américanistes 46 67–155. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, F. A. (1963). A Preceramic settlement on the central coast of Peru: Asia, Unit I.Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 53(3) (entire issue).

  • Engel, F. A. (1980).Prehistoric Andean Ecology, Man, Settlement and Environment in the Andes, Humanities Press/Hunter College, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, F. A. (1984).Prehistoric Andean Ecology, Man, Settlement and Environment in the Andes, Chilca, Humanities Press/Hunter College, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, C. (1991). The archaeology of raised field agriculture in the Llanos de Mojos, Bolivia: Recent survey and excavation. Paper presented at the 19th Annual Midwest Conference on Andean and Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory, Indiana University, Bloomington, Feb. 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. A. (1980).Aspero, Peru: Architecture, Subsistence Economy, and Other Artifacts of a Pereceramic Maritime Chiefdom, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. A. (1985). Preceramic corporate architecture: Evidence for the development of nonegalitarian social systems in Peru. In Donnan, C. B. (ed.),Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, pp. 71–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung Pineda, R. (1972). El temprano surgimiento en el Perú de los sistemas socio-políticos complejos: planteamiento de una hipótesis de desarrollo original.Apuntes Arqueológicos 2: 10–32. Lima.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung Pineda, R. (1988). The Late Preceramic and Initial Period. In Keatinge, R. W. (ed.),Peruvian Prehistory, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 67–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieder, T. (1988a). Burial patterns and offerings. In Grieder, T.,et al. (eds.),La Galgada Peru, A Preceramic Culture in Transition, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 73–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieder, T. (1988b). Fiber arts. In Grieder, T.,et al. (eds.),La Galgada Peru, A Preceramic Culture in Transition, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 152–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieder, T., and Bueno Mendoza, A. (1981). La Galgada: Peru before pottery.Archaeology 34(2): 44–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieder, T., and Bueno Mendoza, A. (1985). Ceremonial architecture at La Galgada. In Donnan, C. B. (ed.),Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, pp. 93–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieder, T., and Bueno Mendoza, A. (1988). The history of La Galgada architecture. In Grieder, T.,et al., (eds.),La Galgada Peru, A Preceramic Culture in Transition, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 19–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieder, T., Bueno Mendoza, A., Smith, C. E., Jr., and Malina, R. M. (1988).La Galgada Peru, A Preceramic Culture in Transition, University of Texas Press. Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruhn, R., and Bryan, A. L. (1991). A review of Lynch's descriptions of South American sites.American Antiquity 56(2): 342–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, J. (1987). The exercise of power in early Andean state development. In Haas, J., Pozorski, S., and Pozorski, T. (eds.),The Origins and Development of the Andean State, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 31–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izumi, S. (1971). Development of the Formative Culture in theCeja de Montaña of the Central Andes. In Benson, E. P. (ed.),Dumbarton Oaks Conference on Chavín, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, pp. 49–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izumi, S., and Terada, K. (1972).Andes 4: Excavations at Kotosh, Peru, 1963 and 1966, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. G. (1988).Middle to Late Preceramic (6000–3000 BP) Subsistence Patterns on the central coast of Peru: The coprolite evidence, M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kano, C. (1971). Excavaciones en Shillacoto, Huánuco.Revista del Museo Nacional (Peru)36(1975): 52–62. (Actas y Memorias del XXXIX Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Lima, 1970, Vol. 3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanning, E. P. (1963). A pre-agricultural occupation on the central coast of Peru.American Antiquity 28(3): 360–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanning, E. P. (1967).Peru Before the Inkas, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanning, E. P., and Hammel, E. (1961). Early lithic industries of western South America.American Antiquity 27(2): 139–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larco Hoyle, R. (1948).Cronología Arqueológica del Norte del Perú, Soceidad Geográfica Americana, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lathrap, D. W. (1977). Our father the cayman, Our mother, the gourd: Spinden revisited, or a unitary model for the emergence of agriculture in the New World. In Reed, C. A. (ed.),Origins of Agriculture, Mouton, The Hague, pp. 713–751.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lathrap, D. W., Collier, D., and Chandra, H. (1975).Ancient Ecuador: Culture, Clay, and Creativity, 3000–300 B.C., Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lathrap, D. W., Marcos, J. G., and Zeidler, J. A. (1977). Real Alto: An ancient ceremonial center.Archaeology 30(1): 2–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavallée, D., and Julien, M. (1975). El habitat prehistórico en la zona de San Pedro de Cajas, Junín.Revista del Museo Nacional (Peru)46: 55–127. Lima.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavallée, D., Julien, M., Wheeler, J., and Karlin, C. (1985).Telamarchay, Chasseurs et Pasteurs Préhistoriques Des Andes, I & II. Institut Français D'Études Andines, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumbreras, L. G. (1974).The Peoples and Culture of Ancient Peru (Meggers, B. J., trans.), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, T. F. (1980).Guitarrero Cave: Early Man in the Andes, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, T. F. (1989). Regional interaction, transhumance, and verticality: Archaeological use of zoinal complementarity in Peru and northern Chile.Michigan Discussions in Anthropology 8: 1–11. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, T. F. (1990). Glacial-Age man in South America? A critical review.American Antiquity 55(1): 12–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, T. F. (1991). Lack of evidence for Glacial-Age settlement of South America: Reply to Dillehay and Collins and to Gruhn and Bryan.American Antiquity 56(2): 348–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacNeish, R. S., Vierra, R. K., Nelkin-Terner, A., Lurie, R., and García Cook, A. (1983).Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru. Volume IV, The Preceramic Way of Life, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malina, R. M. (1988). Description of skeletal material by tomb. In Grieder, T.,et al., (eds.),La Galgada Peru, a Preceramic Culture in Transition, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 216–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matos, M. R. (1975). Prehistoria y ecología humana en las punas de Junín.Revista del Museo Nacional (Peru)41: 37–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Means, P. A. (1931).Ancient Civilizations of the Andes, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meighan, C. W., and True, D. L. (1980).Prehistoric Trails of Atacama: Archaeology of Northern Chile, UCLA Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseley, M. J. (1975).The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization, Cummings Press, Menlo Park, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseley, M. J. (1977). Review of An Ancient World Preserved, by F. A. Engel,American Anthropologist 79(4): 973–974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseley, M. J. (1978). Pre-agricultural costal civilizations in Peru. Carolina Biology Readers No. 90. Carolina Biological Supply Company, Burlington, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseley, M. J. (1983). Central Andean civilization. In Jennings, J. D. (ed.),Ancient South Americans, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, pp. 179–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muelle, J. C., and Ravines, R. (1973). Los estratos precerámicos de Ancón.Revista del Museo Nacional (Peru)39: 49–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Napoli, C. E. (1967).Interpretación Arquetectonica Del Conjunto “El Paraíso” en El Valle Del Chillón, Tésis Bachilleratio, Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad Nacional Ingenería, Lima.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborn, A. J. (1977). Strandloopers, mermaids, and other fairy tales: Ecological determinants of marine resource utilization—The Peruvian case. In Binford, L. R. (ed.),For Theory Building in Archaeology, Academic Press, New York, pp. 157–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulsen, A. (1974). The thorny oyster and the voice of God:Spondylus andStrombus in Andean prehistory.American Antiquity 39(4): 597–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, J. R., and Psuty, N. P. (1975). Sunken fields and prehispanic subsistence on the Peruvian coast.American Antiquity 40(3): 259–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, M. H. (1970). Preceramic subsistence on the Peruvian Coast.American Antiquity 35: 292–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, T. C. (1971). The emergence of food production in Central Peru. In Streuver, S. (ed.),Prehistoric Agriculture, Natural History Press, Garden City, NY, pp. 181–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, T. C. (1983). The historical development of a coastal Andean social formation in Central Peru, 6000 to 500 B.C. In Sandweiss, D. H. (ed.),Investigations of the Andean Past, Papers from the First Annual Northeast Conference on Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory, Cornell University, Latin American Studies Program, pp. 21–37.

  • Patterson, T. C. (1985). The Huaca La Florida, Rimac Valley, Peru. In Donnan, C. B. (ed.),Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, pp. 59–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearsall, D. M., and Piperno, D. R. (1990). Antiquity of maize cultivation in Ecuador: Summary and reevaluation of the evidence.American Antiquity 55(2): 324–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozorski, S. (1987). Theocracy vs. militarism: The significance of the Casma Valley in understanding early state formation. In Haas, J., Pozorski, S., and Pozorski, T. (eds.),The Origins and Development of the Andean State, Cambridge University Press. New York, pp. 15–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozorski, S., and Pozorski, T. (1979). Alto Salaverry: A Peruvian coastal preceramic site.Annals of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 49 337–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozorski, S., and Pozorski, T. (1986). Recent excavations at Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke, a complex Initial Period site in Peru.Journal of Field Archaeology 13(4): 381–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozorski, S., and Pozorski, T. (1987).Early Settlement and Subsistence in the Casma Valley, Peru, University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozorski, S., and Pozorski, T. (1990). Reexamining the critical Preceramic/Ceramic Period transition: New data from coastal Peru.American Anthropologist 92(2): 481–491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozorski, S., and Pozorski, T. (1991). The impact of radiocarbon dates on the maritime hypothesis: Response to Quilter.American Anthropologist 93(2): 454–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozorski, T., and Pozorski, S. (1990), Huaynuná, a Late Cotton preceramic site on the north coast of Peru.Journal of Field Archaeology 17(1): 17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulgar Vidal, J. (1987).Geografía del Perú, Las Ocho Regiones Nataurales del Perú, Editorial Universo, Lima.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quilter, J. (1985). Architecture and chronology at El Paraíso, Peru.Journal of Field Archaeology 12(3): 279–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quilter, J. (1989a).Life and Death at Paloma, Society and Mortuary Practices in Preceramic Peruvian Village, University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quilter, J. (1989b). Core and periphery in Late Preceramic Peru. Paper presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.

  • Quilter, J. (1991). Problems with the Late Preceramic of Peru.American Anthropologist 93(2): 450–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quilter, J., and Stocker, T. (1983). Subsistence economies and the origins of Andean complex societies.American Anthropologist 85(3): 545–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quilter, J., Pearsall, D., Wing, E. S., Jones, J., and Ojeda, B. (1991). The subsistence economy of El Paraíso, Peru.Science 251(4991): 277–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravines, R. (1967). El abrigo de Caru y sus relaciones con otros sitios tempranos del sur del Perú.Ñawpa Pacha 5: 39–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravines, R. (1979). Garagay como arqueología experimental. In Matos M. R. (ed.),Arqueología Peruana: Investigaciones arqeuológicas en el Perú 1976, Centro de Projección Cristiana, Lima, pp. 75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, J. S. (1981). The maritime foundations of Andean civilization: A reconsideration of the evidence.American Antiquity 46(4): 806–821.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitz, E. J. (1988). Faunal remains from Paloma, an archaic site in Peru.American Anthropologist 90 310–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rick, J. W. (1980).Prehistoric Hunters of the High Andes, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, M. A. (1980). La Agriculturización de Maíz en el Norte de Chile: Actualización de Problemas y Metodología de Investigación. In Rivera, M. A. (ed.),Temas Anthropológicos del Norte de Chile, Estudios Arqueológicos Número Especial, Universidad de Chile, Antofogasta, pp. 107–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, M. A. (1984). Altiplano and tropical lowland contacts in northern Chile prehistory: Chinchorro and Alto Ramirez revisited. In Browman, D. L., Burger, R. L., and Rivera, M. A. (eds.),Social and Economic Organization in the Prehispanic Andes, BAR International Series 194, Oxford, pp. 143–160.

  • Rivera, M. A. (1991). Prehistory of northern Chile, a synthesis.Journal of World Prehistory 5(1): 1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J. H. (1962). Stages and periods in archaeological interpretation.Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 18(1): 40–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J. H. (1967). An interpretation of radiocarbon measurements on archaeological samples from Peru. In Rowe, J. H., and Menzel, D., (eds.),Peruvian Archaeology, Selected Readings, Peek, Palo Alto, CA, pp. 16–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, M. (1987). Centre and periphery: A review of a concept. In Rowlands, M., Larsen, M., and Kristiansen, K. (eds.),Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–12.

  • Sauer, C. O. (1950). Cultivated plants of South and Central America. In Steward, J. H. (ed.),Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 6. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143, Washington, DC, pp. 487–715.

  • Shimada, I. (1986). Batán Grande and cosmological unity in the Prehistoric Central Andes. In Matos, M. R., Turpin, S. A., Eling, H. H., Jr. (eds.), Andean Archaeology, Papers in Memory of Clifford Evans,Monograph 27, Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, pp. 163–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada, I., Elera, C. G., and Shimada, M. J. (1982). Excavaciones efectuadas en el centro ceremonial de Huaca Lucia—Cholpe, Del Horizonte Temprano, Batan Grande, Costa Norte del Peru: 1979–1981.Arqueológicas 19 109–210. Lima.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. E., Jr. (1980). Plant remains from Guitarrero Cave. In Lynch, T. F. (ed.),Guitarrero Cave, Early Man in the Andes, Academic Press, New York, pp. 87–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. E., Jr. (1988). Floral Remains. In Grieder, T.,et al. (eds.),La Galgada Peru, A Preceramic Culture in Transition, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 125–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinden, H. J. (1917). The origin and distribution of agriculture in America.Proceedings of the XIX International Congress of Americanists, 1915, Washington, DC, pp. 269–276.

  • Stothert, K. E. (1985). The Preceramic Las Vegas Culture of coastal Ecuador.American Antiquity 50(3): 613–637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stothert, K. E., and Quilter, J. (1991). Archaic adaptations of the Andean region, 9000 to 5000 B.P.Arqueología Americana (in press).

  • Tsunekawa, K. (1988). Explotación y consumo del camarón de río,Cryphiops caementarius (Molina, 1782) en el Perú y Chile. In Masuda, S. (ed.),Recursos Naturales Andinos, University of Tokyo, pp. 3–58.

  • Ubbelohde-Doering, H. (1967).On the Royal Highways of the Inka: Civilizations of Ancient Peru, Praeger, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhle, M. (1920). Los Principios de las Antiguas Civilizaciones Peruanas.Boletín de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Estudios Históricos Americanos.4 448–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ugent, D., Pozorski, S., and Pozorski, T. (1982). Prehistoric potato and tuber remains from the Casma Valley of Peru.Economic Botony 36 182–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ugent, D., Pozorski, S., and Pozorski, T. (1983). Restos Arqueológicos de Tubérculos de Papas y Camotes del Valle de Casma en el Perú.Boletín de Lima 25 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vescelius, G. S. (1981a). Early and/or not-so-early man in Peru: The case of Guitarrero Cave, Part 1.The Quarterly Review of Archaeology 2(1): 11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vescelius, G. S. (1981b). Early and/or not-so-early man in Peru: Guitarrero Cave revisited.The Quarterly Review of Archaeology 2(2): 8–13, 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir, G. R., Benfer, R. A., and Jones, J. G. (1988). Preceramic to Early formative subsistence on the central Coast of Peru. In Wing, E. S., and Wheeler, J. C. (eds.),Economic Prehistory of the Central Andes. B.A.R. International Series 427, p. 56–94.

  • Wendt, W. E. (1964). Die präkeramische Siedlung am Río Seco, Peru.Baesler Archiv 11(2): 225–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, W. E. (1976). El Asentamiento Prtecerámico en Río Seco, Perú.Lecturas en Arqueología 3, Mueso de Arqueología y Etnología, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, J. C. (1984). On the origin and early development of camelid pastoralism in the Andes. In Clutton-Brock, J., and Grigson, C. (eds.),Animals and Archaeology. III. Early Herders and their Flocks. B.A.R. International Series 202, pp. 395–410.

  • Willey, G. R., and Phillips, P. (1958).Method and Theory in American Archaeology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams León, C. (1971). Centros ceremoniales tempraos en el Valle de Chillón, Rimac y Lurín.Apuntes Arqueológicos 1 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams León, C. (1980). Complejos pirámides con planta en U, patrón arquitectónico de la costa central.Revista del Museo Nacional (1978–80)44 95–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams León, C. (1985). A scheme for the early monumental architecture of the central coast of Peru. In Donnan, C. B. (ed.),Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, pp. 227–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. J. (1981). Of maize and men: A critique of the maritime hypothesis of state origins on the coast of Peru.American Anthropologist 83(1): 93–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing, E. S. (1977). Animal domestication in the Andes. In Reed, C. A. (ed.),Origins of Agriculture, Mouton, The Hague, pp. 837–859.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing, E. S. (1980). Faunal remains. In Lynch, T. F. (ed.),Guitarrero Cave, Early Man in the Andes, Academic Press, New York, pp. 149–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing, E. S., and Reitz, J. (1982). Pisces, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia. In Bonavia, D. (ed.).Los Gavilanes, mar, desierto y oásis en la historia del hombre, Editorial Ausonia, Lima, pp. 191–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wise, K. E. (1990).Late Archaic Period Maritime Subsistence Strategies in the South-Central Andes, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Quilter, J. Late Preceramic Peru. J World Prehist 5, 387–438 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00978475

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00978475

Key words

Navigation