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Assessment of N2 fixation in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and their relative N contribution to a succeeding maize crop in Northern Ghana

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Summary

The N-balance method was employed to estimate N2 fixation in a field-grown, early cultivar of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp cv. ‘IT 82-18’) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. ‘Chinese’) using maize as reference plant. The maturity of all crops was well matched. Nitrogen derived from biological fixation was 101 kg ha−1 in groundnut and 201 kg ha−1 in cowpea, indicating that the two legumes could satisfy about 79% and 89%, respectively, of their N requirements from nodule symbiosis. Net N returns to soil in leguminous residues were 68 kg ha−1 for groundnut and 150 kg ha−1 for cowpea. Grain yields of maize succeeding maize and legumes during the same season showed marked differences (P<0.05) between maize-after-legumes, and maize-after-maize. Dry-matter yields were also significantly different (P<0.01) in a like manner. The application of five rates of N fertilizer, 0 to 120 kg (NH4)2SO4 ha−1, to maize indicated that at zero fertilizer-N, maize grain yields were 89% and 95% higher when grown after groundnut and cowpea than when preceded by maize, corresponding to 77% and 76% respectively of dry-matter yields. The N benefit of each legume to maize in the rotation was equivalent to 60 kg ha−1 of N fertilizer based on grain and dry-matter yields. About 27% and 60% of residue-N from cowpea and groundnut were utilised by the following maize crop, respectively. It was concluded that the proportions of N derived from decomposing leguminous residues by succeeding cereal crops during the first year of rotation are generally not high.

Résumé

La méthode du bilan d'azote a été employée pour estimer la fixation de l'azote par un cultivar initial de cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp cv. ‘IT 82-18’) et d'arachide (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. ‘Chinese’), le maïs servant de plante de référence. La maturité des différentes récoltes a été synchronisée. La quantité d'azote provenant de la fixation biologique a été de 101 kg ha−1 avec l'arachide et 201 kg ha−1 avec le cowpea, ce qui montre que les deux légumineuses peuvent, par fixation biologique, satisfaire environ 79 et 89% de leurs besoins en N. Le gain net du sol en N fourni par les résidus des légumineuses a été de 68 kg ha−1 dans le cas de l'arachide et 150 kg ha−1 dans celui du cowpea Le rendement en grain du maïs succédant au maïs et aux légumineuses au cours de la même saison présente des différences significatives (P<0,05) entre la succession légumineuses-maïs et maïs-maïs. Les rendements en matière sèche diffèrent eux aussi dans le même sens et de façon significative (P<0,01). L'application au maïs de cinq doses d'engreis azoté, allant de 0 à 120 kg ha−1, a montré qu'en l'absence d'engrais les rendements en grain du maïs sont 89% et 95% plus élevés après la culture d'arachide et de cowpea que dans le cas d'une succession maïs-maïs, et les rendements en matière sèche sont respectivement accrus de 77 et 76%. D'après les rendements en grain et en matière sèche, le gain net de N procuré au maïs par les deux légumineuses équivaut à 60 kh ha−1 d'engrais azoté. Environ 27% et 60% de l'azote résiduel provenant réspectivement du cowpea et de l'arachide sont utilisés par la culture secondaire de maïs. En conclusion, les proportions de l'azote fourni par la décomposition des résidus de légumineuses qui sont utilisées par une culture de céréales au cours de la première année de rotation sont peu élevées.

Resumen

El método del equilibrio nitrogenado se empleó para estimar la fijación de N2 en campo de un cultuvar temprano de caupí (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp cv. IT 82-18) y de uno de maní (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. chinese) utilizando el maíz como cultivo de referencia. La maduración de los tres cultivos fue simultanea. El nitrógeno derivado de la fijación biológica fue de 101 kg/ha en maní y de 201 kg/ha en caupí, indicando que ambas leguminosas podían satisfacer cerca de un 79% y de un 89%, respectivamente, de sus requerimientos en N2 mediante la simbiosis con nódulos. Los residuos de las leguminosas significaron un aporte neto de N al suelo de 68 kg/ha para el maní y de 105 kg/ha para el caupí. Las cosechas de maíz que sucedieron a los cultivos tempranos de leguminosas y de maíz mostraron unas marcadas diferencias significatives tanto en producción de grano (P<0.05) como en producción de materia seca (P<0.01). La aplicación de cinco niveles de fertilización nitrogenada (de 0 a 120 kg/ha en forma de (NH4), SO4) indicó que al nivel 0 la producción de maíz en grano fue, respectivamente, un 89% y un 95% superior cuando el cultivo se realizó después de maní y de caupí, comparándolo con el rendimiento obtenido cuando el cultivo precedente fue maíz, dichos valores corresponden a una producción en materia seca de respectivamente, 77% y 76%. El beneficio aportado por las leguminosas en la rotación con maíz fue equivalente a un abonado nitrogenado de 60 kg/ha, calculado sobre la producción de grano y de materia seca. Cerca de 27% y del 60% del residuo nitrogenado de caupí y de maní, respectivamente, fueron utilizados por la siguient cosecha de maíz. Se concluyó que las proporciones de N derivadas de la descomposición de residuos de leguminosas asimilables por la siguiente cosecha de cereales no son elevadas.

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Dakora, F.D., Aboyinga, R.A., Mahama, Y. et al. Assessment of N2 fixation in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and their relative N contribution to a succeeding maize crop in Northern Ghana. Mircen Journal 3, 389–399 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00935697

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