Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Coda waves: A review

  • Published:
pure and applied geophysics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The analysis and interpretation of coda waves have received increasing attention since the early seventies. In the past few years interest in this subject has spread worldwide, and the study of high-frequency seismic coda waves has become a very important seismological topic. As a conclusion of the studies accomplished in this time, coda waves are considered the result of scattering processes caused by heterogeneities acting on seismic waves.P andS waves play a particularly important role in this interaction. The process introduces an attenuation which, added to the intrinsic absorption, gives the observed apparent attenuation. Therefore, coda waves constitute a thumbprint left by the heterogeneities on the seismograms. Coda waves offer decisive information about the mechanism of how scattering and attenuation take place. This review describes coda waves in detail, and summarizes the work done in this subject to 1986. The relation between coda waves and attenuation in the context of research on seismic scattering problems is stressed. Particular attention has been given to the application of coda waves to estimate source and medium parameters. The state-of-the-art of the temporal variations of coda wave shape, and the possible use of these variations as an earthquake precursor also are presented. Care has been taken to introduce the statistical models used to deal with the heterogeneities responsible for scattering.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akamatsu, J. (1980),Attenuation property of coda parts of seismic waves from local earthquakes. Bull. Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ.30, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1956),Correlogram analyses of seismograms by means of a simple automatic computer, J. Phys. Earth4, 71–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1969),Analysis of the seismic coda of local earthquakes as scattered waves. J. Geophys. Res.74, 615–631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1973),Scattering of P waves under the Montana LASA, J. Geophys. Res.78, 1334–1346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1977),Three-dimensional seismic velocity anomalies in the lithosphere, method and summary of results, J. Geophys.43, 235–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1980a),Attenuation of shear-waves in the lithosphere for frequencies from 0.05 to 25 Hz. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors21, 50–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1980b),Scattering and attenuation of shear waves in the lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res.85, 6496–6504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1980c),Physical basis for the duration magnitude and recommended practice for coda magnitude determination. Proc. of the 17th Assembly of the ESC, Budapest.

  • Aki, K. (1981a),Attenuation and scattering of short-period seismic waves in the lithosphere, inIdentification of Seismic Sources-Earthquakes or Underground Expositions (E. S. Husebye and S. Mykkelveit, editors) (D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1981) pp. 515–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1981b),Source and scattering effects on the spectra of small local arthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.71, 1687–1700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1981c),3-D inhomogeneities in the upper mantle. Tectonophysics75, 31–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1982),Scattering and attenuation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, S319-S330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1984),Short-period seismology, J. Comput. Phys.54, 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1985),Theory of earthquake prediction with special reference to monitoring of the quality factor of the lithosphere by the coda method. Earthq. Predict. Res.3, 219–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K., Tsujiura, M., Hori, M. andGoto, K. (1958),Spectral study of near earthquake waves. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst., Tokyo Univ.36, 71–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. andTsujiura, M. (1959),Correlation study of near earthquake waves. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst., Tokyo Univ.37, 207–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. andChouet, B. (1975),Origin of coda waves: source, attenuation and scattering effects, J. Geophys. Res.80, 3322–3342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K., Christoffersson, A. andHusebye, E. S. (1976),Three-dimensional seismic structure of the lithosphere under Montana LASA. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.66, 501–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K., Christoffersson, A. andHusebye, E. S. (1977),Determination of the three-dimensional seismic structure of the lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res.82, 277–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. andRichards, P. (1980),Quantitative Seismology, I and II (W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D. L. andHart, R. S. (1978),Attenuation models of the earth. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors16, 289–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asada, T. andTakano, K. (1963),Attenuation of short-period P waves in the mantle, J. Phys. Earth11, 25–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bache, T. C., Marshall, P. D. andBache, L. B. (1985),Q for teleseismic P waves from central Asia. J. Geophys. Res.90, 3575–3587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakun, W. H. (1984),Magnitudes and moments of duration. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 2335–2356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakun, W. H., Bufe, C. G. andStewart, R. M. (1976),Body wave spectra of central California earth-quakes. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.66, 363–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakun, W. H. andLindh, A. G. (1977),Local magnitude, seismic moments and coda durations for earth-quakes near Oroville, Califfornia. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.69, 343–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banick, N. C., Lerche, I. andShuey, R. T. (1986a),Stratigraphic filtering, 1. Derivation of the O'Doherty-Anstey formula. Geophysics, in press.

  • Banick, N. C., Lerche, I., Resnick, J. andShuey, R. T. (1986b),Stratigraphic filtering, 2, Model Spectra. Geophysics, in press.

  • Bard, P. Y. andGariel, J. C. (1986),The seismic response of two-dimensional sedimentary deposits with large vertical velocity gradients. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.76, 343–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barley, B. J., Hudson, J. A. andDouglas, A. (1982),S to P scattering at the 650 km discontinuity. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.69, 159–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basham, P. W. andEllis, R. M. (1969),The composition of P codas using magnetic tape seismograms. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am59, 473–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batchelor, G. K. (1953),The Theory of Homogeneous Turbulence (Cambridge University Press).

  • Båth, M. (1973),Introduction to Seismology (Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgardt, D. R. (1985),Comparative analysis of teleseismic P coda and L g waves from underground nuclear explosions in Eurasia. Bull. Seism. Am.75, 1413–1423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaudet, P. R. (1970),Elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous media. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.60, 769–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berckhemer, H. (1970),A possible scattering mechanism for lunar seismic waves. J. Geophys. Res36, 523–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berteussen, K. A., Christoffersson, A., Husebye, E. S. andDahle, A. (1975),Wave scattering theory in analyses of P wave anomalies at NORSAR and LASA. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.42, 403–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birch, F. (1961),The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kb, part 2. J. Geophys. Res.66, 2199–2226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, N. N. andAki, K. (1984), Characteristics of coda waves: central and southcentral Alaska. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 493–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisztricsany, E. A. (1958), A new method for the determination of the magnitude of earthquakes. Geofiz. Koszl.7, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollinger, G. A. (1979),Attenuation of the Lg phase and the determination of mb in the southeasten United States. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.69, 45–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Born, M. andWolf, E. (1965),Principles of Optics, 3rd edn. (Pergamon Press, Oxford).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourret, R. C. (1962a),Stochastically perturbated fields with application to wave propagation in random media. Nuovo Cimento26, 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourret, R. C. (1962b),Propagation of randomly perturbated fields. Canad. J. Phys.40, 782–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capon, J. (1974),Characterization of crust and upper mantle structure under LASA as a random medium. Bull. Seism. Am.64, 235–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capon, J. andBerteussen, K. A. (1973),A random medium analysis of crust and upper mantle structure under NORSAR, Semiannual Technical Summary, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellano, M., Del Pezzo, E., de Natala, G. andZollo, A. (1986),Seismic coda and turbidity coefficient at Campi Flegrei Volcanic area: preliminary results. submitted to Bull. Volc.

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1960),Radiative Transfer (Dover Publications, New York) (revised version of the work first published in 1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaplin, M. P., Taylor, S. R. andToksöz M. N. (1980),A coda-length magnitude scale for New England. Earthquake Notes51, 15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chávez, D. E. andPriestley, K. K. (1986),Measurement of frequency dependent Lg attenuation in the Great Basin. Geophys. Res. Lett.13, 551–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P., Nuttli, O., Ye, W. andQin, J. (1984),Estimates of short-period Q values and seismic moments from coda waves for earthquakes of the Beijing and Yu-Nan regions of China. Bull. Sesim. Soc. Am.74, 1189–1207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chernov, L. A. (1960),Wave Propagation in a Random Medium (McGraw-Hill, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouet, B. (1976),Source, scattering, and attenuation effects on high frequency seismic waves. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouet, B. (1979),Temporal variation in the attenuation of earthquake coda near Stone Canyon, California. Geophys. Res. Lett.6, 143–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouet, B., Aki, K. andTsujiura, M. (1978),Regional variations of the scaling law of earthquake source spectra. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.68, 49–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleary, J. R. andHaddon, R. A. W. (1972),Seismic wave scattering near the core-mantle boundary: A new interpratation of precursors to PKIKP. Nature,240, 549–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleary, J. R., King, D. W. andHaddon, R. A. W. (1976),Seismic wave scattering in the earth's crust and upper mantle. Geophys. J.43, 861–872.

    Google Scholar 

  • Console, R. andRovelli, A. (1981),Attenuation parameters for Friuli region from strong motion accelerograms. Bull. Seism. Soc Am.71, 1981–1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosson, R. S. (1972),Small earthquakes, structure and tectonics of the Puget Sound region. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.62, 1133–1177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow, S. C. (1969),Distortion of sonic bangs by atmospheric turbulence. J. Fluid Mech.37, 529–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dainty, A. M. (1981),A scattering model to explain seismic Q observations in the lithosphere between 1 and 30 Hz. Geophys. Res. Lett.8, 1126–1128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dainty, A. M. (1984),High-frequency acoustic backscattering and seismic attenuation. J. Geophys. Res89, 3172–3176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dainty, A. M., Toksöz, M. N., Anderson K. R., Pines, P. J., Nakamura, Y. andLatham, G. (1974),Seismic scattering and shallow structure of the Moon in Oceanus Procellarum. Moon9, 11–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dainty, A. M. andToksöz, M. N. (1977),Elastic wave scattering in a highly scattering medium, a diffusion approach. J. Geophys.43, 375–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dainty, A. M. andToksöz, M. N. (1981),Seismic codas on the Earth and the Moon: a comparison. Phys. Earth Plant. Interiors26, 250–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Pezzo, E., Ferulano, F., Giarrusso, A. andMartini, M. (1983),Seismic coda, Q and scaling law of the source spectra at the Aeolian Islands, southern Italy. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.73, 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Pezzo, E. andZollo, A. (1984),Attenuation of coda waves and turbidity coefficient in central Italy. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 2655–2659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Pezzo, E., Rovelli, A. andZonno, G. (1985),Seismic Q and site effects on seismograms of local earthquakes in the Ancona region (central Italy). Annales Geophysicae3 (5), 629–636.

    Google Scholar 

  • Der, Z., Marshall, M. E., O'Donnell, A. andMcElfresh, T. W. (1984),Spatial coherence structure and attenuation of the L g phase, site effects, and the interpretation of the Lg coda. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 1125–1147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doornbos, D. J. (1974),Seismic wave scattering near caustics: observations of PKKP precursors. Nature247, 352–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doornbos, D. J. (1976),Characteristics of lower mantle inhomogeneities from scattered waves. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.44, 447–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doornbos, D. J. andHusebye, E. S. (1972),Array analyses of PKP phases and their prescursors. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors5, 387–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, A., Marshall, P. D., Gibbs, P. G., Young, J. B. andBlamey, C. (1973),Signal complexity reexamined. Geophys. J.33, 195–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkin, J. W. (1969),Scattering of transient, spherical P waves by a randomly inhomogeneous elastic halfspace. Geophysics34, 357–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, J. J., Herrmann, R. B. andNuttli, O. W. (1981),Numerical study of attenuation of high frequency L g-waves in the new Madrid seismic region. U.S. Geol. Surv., Open-File Rept. 81-112, 131 pp.

  • Dwyer, J. J., Herrmann, R. B. andNuttli, O. W. (1983),Spatial attenuation of the L g-wave in the central United States. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.73, 781–796.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einspruch, N. G., Witterholt, E. J. andTrull, R. (1960),Scattering of a plane transverse wave by a spherical obstacle in an elastic medium. J. Appl. Phys.31, 5, 806–818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa, A. F. (1968),Ground amplification studies of short-period seismic waves, InStudies in Seismicity and Earthquake Damage Statistics, Part I; Report for Housing and Urban Development agency (HUD), ESSA Technical Report, Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1–12.

  • Espinosa, A. F. (1969),Ground amplification of short-period seismic waves at two sites near Bakersfield, California. Earthquake Notes40, 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa, A. F. (1971),Ground surface motion synthesis and theoretical amplification effects due to shear waves [abs.], General Assembly IASPEI, Symposium on Forerunners of Strong Earthquakes, Moscow, SSSR3, 34 (I-5), and Acad. Sci. Comptes Rendus17, 128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa, A. F. (1977),Particle velocity attenuation relations, San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.67, 1195–1214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa, A. F. (1981),Seismic wave attenuation studies in the contiguous United States, InSummaries of Technical Reports. vol XII, U.S. Geol. Surv., Open-File Rept. 81-833.

  • Espinosa, A. F. (1984),L g-wave attenuation in contiguous United States [abs.], EOS Transactions AGU, Spring meeting, American Geophysical Union, Cincinnati, Ohio65, 233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa, A. F. andAlgermissen, S. T. (1972a),Soil amplification studies in areas damaged by the Caracas earthquake of July 29, 1967. Proceedings of the International Conference on Microzonation11, 455–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa, A. F. andAlgermissen, S. T. (1972b),Study of soil amplification factors in earthquake damaged areas: Caracas, Venezuela. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Technical Report ERL-280-ESL31, 201 pp.

  • Espinosa, A. F. andAlgermissen, S. T. (1973),Ground amplification studies in the Caracas Valley and the northern coastal area of Venezuela. Proceedings of the 5th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy2, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinosa, A. F. andLopez-Arroyo, A. (1977),Earthquake instrumental intensity from strong ground motion records: San Fernando earthquake. Proceedings of the 6th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, New Delhi, India2, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evernden, J. F. (1977),Spectral characteristics of the P coda of Eurasian earthquakes and explosions. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.67, 1153–1171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evernden, J. F. andKohler, W. M. (1979),Further study of spectral composition of P codas of earthquakes and explosions. Bull Seism. Soc. Am.69, 483–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, W. M., Jardentzky, W. S. andPress, F. (1957),Elastic Waves in Layered Media (McGraw-Hill, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fedotov, S. A. andBoldyrev, S. A. (1969),Frequency dependence of the body-wave absorption in the crust and the upper mantle of the Kuril Island chain. (English Trans.), Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Zemli9, 553–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fehler, M. (1979),Seismological investigation of the mechanical properties of a hot dry rock geothermal system. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, A. (1982),The effects of attenuation and site response on the spectra of microearthquakes in the northeastern Caribbean. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 1379–1402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, A. andClayton, R. W. (1984),A finite difference simulation of wave propagation in two-dimensional random media. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 2167–2186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, A. andClayton, R. W. (1986),Finite difference simulations of seismic scattering: implications for the propagation of short-period seismic waves in the crust and models of crustal heterogeneity. J. Geophys. Res.91, 6465–6489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisch, U. (1968),Wave propagation in random media, InProbabilistic Methods in Applied Mathematics. vol. 1 (ed. A. T. Bharucha-Reid) (Academic Press, New York) pp. 76–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao, L. S. (1984),Coda waves analysis for distinguishing attenuation due to isotropic scattering from attenauation due to absorption. Pure Appl. Geophys.122, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao, L. S., Lee, L. C., Biswas, N. N. andAki, K. (1983a),Comparison of the effects between single and multiple scattering on coda waves for local earthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.73, 377–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao, L. S., Biswas, N. N., Lee L. C. andAki, K. (1983b),Effects of multiple scattering on coda waves in three-dimensional medium. Pure Appl. Geophys.121, 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelchinsky, B. Ya. (1982),Scattering of waves by a quasi-thin body of arbitrary shape. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.71, 425–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, R. J. (1971),Short-period P wave generation by Rayleigh wave scattering at Novaya Zemlya. J. Geophys. Res.76, 7988–8002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gusev, A. A. (1986),Two dilatancy-based models to explain coda-wave precursors and P/S spectral ratio, paper presented at the European Seismological Commission Assembly at Kiel, West Germany.

  • Gusev, A. A. andLemzikov, V. K. (1983),Estimation of shear wave scattering in crust and upper mantle of Kamchatka from observations of Shipunsky station (in Russian). Vulk. Seismol.1, 96–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gusev, A. A. andLemzikov, V. K. (1984),The anomalies of small earthquake coda wave characteristics before the three large earthquakes in the Kuril-Kamchatka zone (in Russian). Vulk. Seismol.4, 76–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gusev, A. A. andLemzikov, V. K. (1985),Properties of scattered elastic waves in the lithosphere of Kamchatka: Parameters and temporal variations. Tectonophysics112, 137–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gusev, A. A. andAbubakirov, I. R. (1986),Monto-Carlo simulation of record envelope of a near earthquake, paper presented at the European Seismological Commission Assembly at Kiel, West Germany.

  • Haddon, R. A. W. (1972),Corrugations on the mantle-core boundary or transitions layers between inner and outer cores? [abs.], EOS Transactions AGU53, 600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddon, R. A. W. (1978),Scattering of seismic body waves by small random inhomogeneities in the earth. NORSAR Scientific Report No. 3-77/78.

  • Haddon, R. A. W. andCleary, J. R. (1974),Evidence for scattering of PKP waves near the mantle-core boundary. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors8, 211–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa, H. S. (1969),A study of the effect of the Yellowknife crustal structure upon the P coda of teleseismic events. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.28, 159–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa, H. S. (1970),Short-period P-coda characteristics in the eastern Canadian Shield. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.60, 839–858.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havskov, J. J. andMacias, M. (1983),A coda-length magnitude scale for some Mexican stations (Spanish abs.). Geofis. Int.22, 205–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herraiz, M. (1982),Microsismicidad en el campo próximo. Análisis de generación de ondas de coda y parámetros fisicos asociados. Tesis Doct., U. Complutense, Madrid, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herraiz, M. andMezcua, J. (1982),Recent improvement of the study of microseismic data based on coda analysis (in Spanish, English abs.). Rvta. Geofis.38, 167–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herraiz, M. andMezcua, J. (1984),Application of coda wave analysis to analog recorded data. Annales Geophysicae2 (5), 545–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herraiz, M. andEspinosa, A. F. (1986),Scattering and attenuation of high-frequency seismic waves: development of the theory of coda waves. U.S. Geol. Surv., Open-File Rept. 86-455, 92 pp.

  • Herrera, I. (1965),A perturbation method for elastic wave propagation, III—thin inhomogeneities. Geofis. Int.5, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera, I. andMal, A. K. (1965),A perturbation method for elastic wave propagation, II—small inhomogeneities. J. Geophys. Res.70, 871–883.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, R. B. (1975),The use of duration as a measure of seismic moment and magnitude. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.65, 899–913.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, R. B. (1977),A method for synthesis of the seismic coda of local earthquakes. J. Geophys.43, 341–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, R. B. (1980),Q estimates using the coda of local earthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.70, 447–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinderer, S. (1979),Etude du facteur de Qualité Q de Région Arette-Larrau (Pyrenées-Atlantiques) a partir de la coda de seismes locaux. Memoire presentée a l'Institut de Physique du Globe de l'Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg pour l'obtention de Diplome d'Ingenieur Geophysicien.

  • Hirn, A. andNercessian, A. (1980),Mont Doré: étude structurale tri-dimensionelle par des méthodes de sismique transmission. Rep. on contract 578 78 EGF, R and D Program Geothermal Energy, Commission of the European Communities, 118 pp.

  • Hoang-Trong, P. (1983),Some medium properties of the Hohenzollerngraben (Swabian Jura. W. Germany) inferred from Q p/Qs ratio analysis. Phys. Earth Planet. Int.31, 119–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, M. S. (1971a),Wave propagation in random media. J. Fluid Mech.45, 769–783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, M. S. (1971b),On wave scattering by random inhomogeneities, with application to the theory of weak bores. J. Fluid Mech.45, 785–804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, J. A. (1977),Scattered waves in the coda of P. J. Geophys.43, 359–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, J. A. (1982),Use of stochastic models in seismology. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.69, 649–657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, J. A. andHeritage, J. R. (1981),The use of the Born approximation in seismic scattering problems Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.66, 221–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husebye, E. S., King, D. W. andHaddon, R. A. W. (1976),Precursors to PKIKP and seismic wave scattering near the mantle-core boundary. J. Geophys. Res.81, 1870–1882.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishimaru, A. (1978),Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, I and II (Academic Press, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys, H. (1929), (1959),The Earth, its origin, history and physical constitution (Cambridge University Press), 2nd edition, 1929, 4th edition, 1959.

  • Jin, A. (1981),Duration of coda waves and the back-scattering coefficient. paper presented at the Symposium on Seismology in China, State Seismol. Bur., Shanghai, China.

  • Jin, A., Cao, T. (1986),Regional change of coda Q in the ocean lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res.90, 8651–8659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin, A. andAki, K. (1986),Temporal change in coda Q before the Tangshan earthquake of 1976 and the Haicheng earthquake of 1975. J. Geophys. Res.91, 665–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, F. B., Long, L. T. andMcKee, J. H. (1977),Study of the attenuation and azimuthal dependence of seismic-wave propagation in the southeastern United States. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.67, 1503–1513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanamori, H. (1981),The nature of seismicity patterns before large earthquakes, InEarthquake Prediction, An International Review. Maurice Ewing Series,4, 1–20.

  • Karal, F. C. andKeller, J. B. (1964),Elastic, electromagnetic and other waves in a random medium. J. Math. Phys.5, 537–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, J. B. (1960),Wave propagation in random media. Proc. 13th Symp. Applied Mathematics, Am. Mathematical Society, New York, pp. 227–246.

  • Keller, J. B. (1964),Stochastic equations and wave propagation in random media. Proc. 16th Symp. Applied Mathematics, Am. Mathematical Soc., New York, pp. 145–170.

  • Kennett, B. L. N. (1972),Seismic waves in laterally inhomogeneous media. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.27, 301–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikuchi, M. (1981),Dispersion and attenuation of elastic waves due to multiple scattering from cracks. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors27, 100–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, D. W., Haddon, R. A. W. andCleary, J. R. (1973),Evidence for seismic wave scattering in the ‘D’ layer. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.20, 353–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, D. W. andCleary, J. R. (1974),A note on the interpretation of precursors to PKPPKP. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.64, 721–723.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, D. W., Haddon, R. A. W. andCleary, J. R. (1974),Array analysis of precursors to PKIKP in the distance range 128° to 142°. Geophys. J.37, 157–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, D. W., Haddon, R. A. W. andHusebye, E. S. (1975),Precursors to PP. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors10, 103–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knopff, L. (1959a),Scattering of compressional waves by spherical obstacles. Geophysics24, 30–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knopoff, L. (1959b),Scattering of shear waves by spherical obstacles. Geophysics24, 209–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knopoff, L. andHudson, J. A. (1964),Scattering of elastic waves by small inhomogeneities. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.36, 338–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knopoff, L. andHudson, J. A. (1967),Frequency dependence of amplitude of scattered elastic waves. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.42, 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopnichev, Y. F. (1975),A model of generation of the tail of the seismogram (English Trans.). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR222, 13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopnichev, Y. F. (1977a),Models for the formation of the coda of the longitudinal wave (English Trans.). Dokl. Nauk SSSR234, 13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopnichev, Y. F. (1977b),The role of multiple scattering in the formation of a seismogram's tail (English Trans.). Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Zemli13, 394–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopnichev, Y. F. (1980),Statistical models for the generation of coda and short-period L g-phases and the results of their joint investigation (in Russian). Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Zemli2, 22–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korvin, G. (1983),General theorem on mean wave attenuation. Geophys. Trans.29 (2), 191–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovach, R. L. (1978),Seismic surface waves and crustal and upper mantle structure. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys.16, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landau, L. P. andLifshitz, E. M. (1959),Fluid Mechanics (Pergamon Press, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Latham, G. V., Ewing, M., Press, F., Sutton, G., Dorman, J., Nakamura, Y., Toksöz, N., Wiggins, R., Derr, J. andDuennebier, F. (1970),Passive seismic experiment. Science167, 455–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Latham, G. V., Ewing, M., Press, F., Sutton, G., Dorman, J., Nakamura, Y., Toksöz, N., Duennebier, F. andLammlein, D. (1971),Passive seismic experiment. NASA Spec. Publ. SP-272, 133–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, W. B. andSolomon, S. C. (1978),Simultaneous inversion of surface wave phase velocity and attenuation: Love waves in western North America. J. Geophys. Res.83, 3389–3400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, W. H. K., Bennett, R. E. andMeagher, K. L. (1972),A method of estimating magnitude of local earthquakes from signal duration. Open-file Report, Nat. Center for Earthquake Res., U. S. Geol. Surv., Menlo Park, California, 28 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, W. H. K., Aki, K., Chouet, B., Newberry, J. T. andTottingham, D. M. (1985),Mapping coda Q(ω) in California using the USGS earthquake data archiving and processing system [abs.]. Seism. Soc. Am. 1985 annual meeting, Earthquake Notes55, 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, W. H. K., Aki, K., Chouet, B., Johnson, P., Marks, S., Newberry, J. T., Ryall, A. S., Stewart, S. W. andTottingham, D. M. (1986),A preliminary study of coda Q in California and Nevada. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.76, 1143–1150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, F. K. andRobinson, D. J. (1969),Scattering by a random field of surface scatterers. Geophysics34, 170–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lighthill, M. J. (1953),Interaction of turbulence with sound or shock waves. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.49, 531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malin, P. E. (1980),A first-order scattering solution for modeling elastic wave codas, I. The acoustic case. Geophys. J.63, 361–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malin, P. E. andPhinney, R. A. (1984),On the relative scattering of P and S waves. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.80, 603–618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruyama, T. (1963),On the force equivalents of dynamic elastic dislocations with reference to earthquake mechanism. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst., Tokyo Univ.41, 467–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsunami, K. (1981),Scattering of P waves by random velocity heterogeneities. Bull. Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ.31, 59–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menke, W. (1982),On extending Biot's theory of multiple scattering at low frequencies from acoustic to elastic media. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.69, 819–830.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menke, W. (1983a),A formula for the apparent attenuation of acoustic waves in randomly layered media. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.75, 541–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menke, W. (1983b),On the effect of P-S coupling on the apparent attenuation of elastic waves in randomly layered media. Geophys. Res. Lett.10, 1145–1147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menke, W (1984),Asymptotic formulas for the apparent Q of weakly scattering three-dimensional media. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 1079–1081.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menke, W. andChen, R. L. (1984),Numerical studies of the coda fall-off rate of multiply scattered waves in randomly layered media. Bull Seism. Soc. Am.74, 1605–1614.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mereu, R. F. andOjo, S. B. (1981),The scattering of seismic waves through a crust and upper mantle with random lateral and vertical inhomogeneities. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors26, 233–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mie, G. (1908),Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell holloidaler Metallösungen. Annalen der Physik25, 377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, J. W. (1960),Scattering of elastic waves by small inhomogeneities. Geophysics15, 642–648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, B. (1981),Regional variation and frequency dependence of Q β in the crust of the United States. Bull Seism. Soc. Am.71, 1531–1538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modiano, T. andHatzfeld, D. (1982),Experimental study of the spectral content for shallow earthquakes. Bull Seism. Soc. Am.72, 1739–1758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mogi, K. (1977),Seismic activity and earthquake prediction (in Japanese). Proceedings of the Symposium on Earthquake Prediction Research, 203–214.

  • Molnar, P., Jacob, K. H. andMcCamy, K. (1973),Implications of Archambeau's earthquake source theory to step faults. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.63, 101–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, P. M. (1968),Theoretical Acoustics (McGraw-Hill, New York.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, P. M. andFeshbach, H. (1953),Methods of Theoretical Physics (McGraw-Hill, New York.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mott, N. F. andMassey, H. S. W. (1965),The Theory of Atomic Collisions. 3rd edition (Oxford University Press).

  • Nakamura, Y. (1976),Seismic energy transmission in the lunar surface zone determined from signals generated by movement of lunar rovers. Bull Seism. Soc. Am.66, 593–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, Y. (1977a),HFF events: shallow earthquakes. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors16, 271–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, Y. (1977b),Seismic energy transmissions in an intensively scattering environment. J. Geophys.43, 389–399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, Y., Latham, G. V., Ewing, M. andDorman, J (1970),Lunar seismic energy transmissions [abs.]. EOS Transactions AGU51, 776.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nersesov, I. L., Kopnichev, Y. F. andVostrikov, G. A. (1975),Calibration of earthquakes in terms of magnitude, based on coda waves, at distances as great as 3000 km (English Trans.). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR222, 7–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikolayev, A. V. (1968),Seismic properties of weakly heterogeneous media (English Trans.). Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Zemli2, 83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikolayev, A. V. andTregub, F. S. (1970),A statistical model of the earth crust: Method and results. Tectonophysics10, 573–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novelo-Casanova, D. A., Berg, E., Hsu, V. andHelsley, C. E. (1985),Time-space variation seismic S-wave coda attenuation (Q−1) and magnitude distribution (b-values) for the Petatlán earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett.12, 789–792.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novelo-Casanova, D. A. andButler, R. (1986),High frequency seismic coda and scattering in the northwest Pacific. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.76, 617–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nur, A. (1971),Viscous phases in rocks and the low velocity zone. J. Geophys. Res.76, 1270–1278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttli, O. W. (1973),Seismic wave attenuation and magnitude relations for eastern North America. J. Geophys. Res.78, 876–885.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttli, O. (1978),A time-domain study of the attenuation of 10-Hz waves in the New Madrid seismic zone. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.68, 343–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttli, O. W. (1980),The excitation and attenuation of seismic crustal phases in Iran. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.70, 469–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojo, S. B. andMereu, R. F. (1986),The effect of random velocity functions on the travel times and amplitude of seismic waves. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.84, 607–618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, H. J. (1983),L g excitation and propagation in the western United States, preprint for fifth annual DARPA/AFOSR Symposium, May, 1983.

  • Pekeris, C. L. (1947),Note on the scattering of radiation in an inhomogeneous medium. Phys. Rev.71, 268–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, J. Y., Aki, K., Lee, W. H. K., Chouet, B., Johnson, P., Marks, S., Newberry, J. T., Ryall, A. S., Stewart, S. andTottingham, D. M. (1986),Temporal change in coda Q associated with the Round Valley, California, earthquake of November 23, 1984, submitted to J. Geophys. Res.

  • Peseckis, L. L. andPomeroy, P. W. (1984),Determination of Q using L g waves and its implications for nuclear yield estimation [abs.], EOS Transactions AGU65, 995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, W. S. (1985),The separation of source, path and site effects on high frequency seismic waves: an analysis using coda wave techniques. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, W. S. andAki, K. (1986),Site amplification of coda waves from local earthquakes in central California. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.76, 627–648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, W. S., Lee, W. H. K. andNewberry, J. T. (1986),Spacial variation of crustal coda Q in California. Submitted to Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.

  • Pilant, W. (1979),Elastic Waves in the Earth (Elsevier, Amsterdam).

    Google Scholar 

  • Powel, C. A. andMeltzer, A. S. (1984),Scattering of P-waves beneath SCARLET in southern California. Geophys. Res. Lett.4, 481–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulli, J. J. (1984),Attenuation of coda waves in New England. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 1149–1166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulli, J. J. andAki, K. (1981),Attenuation of seismic waves in the lithosphere: comparison of active and stable areas, InEarthquakes and Earthquake Engineering—Eastern United States, (ed. J. Beavers) (Ann Abor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan) pp. 129–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pustovitenko, B. G. andRautian, T. G. (1977),Use of the seismic coda for the study of the attenuation of seismic waves in the Crimean region (in Russian, English abs.). Geofiz. Sb.78, 3–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rautian, T. G. andKhalturin, V. I. (1978),The use of the coda for determination of the earthquake source spectrum. Bull Seism. Soc. Am.68, 923–943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rautian, T. G., Khalturin, V. I., Martinov, V. G. andMolnar, P. (1978),Preliminary analysis of the spectral content of P and S waves from local earthquakes in the Garm, Tadjikistan region. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.68, 949–971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayleigh, J. W. S. (1986),The Theory of sound, vol. II (Dover Publications Inc., New York) (1945 edition).

    Google Scholar 

  • Real, C. R. andTeng, T. L. (1973),Local Richter magnitude and total signal duration in southern California. Bull Seism. Soc. Am.63, 1809–1827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rebollar, C. J., Traslosheros, C. andAlvarez, R. (1985),Estimates of seismic wave attenuation in northern Baja California. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.75, 1371–1382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhea, S. (1984),Q determined from local earthquakes in the South Carolina coastal plain. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.74, 2257–2268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, P. G. andMenke, W. (1983),The apparent attenuation of a scattering medium. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.73, 1005–1022.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, C. F. (1958),Elementary Seismology (W. H. Freeman and Co., Inc., San Francisco, California).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, M., Havskov, J. andSingh, S. K. (1983),Q from coda waves near Petatlan, Guerrero, Mexico. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.73, 321–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roecker, W. W. (1981),Seismicity and tectonics of the Pamir-Hindu Kush region of central Asia. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roecker, S. W., Tucker, B., King, J. andHatzfeld, D. (1982),Estimates of Q in central Asia as a function of frequency and depth using the coda of locally recorded earthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 129–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovelli, A. (1982),On the frequency dependence of Q in Friuli from short-period digital records. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.72, 2369–2372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovelli, A. (1983a),Frequency relationship for seismic Q β of central southern Italy from accelerograms for the Irpinia earthquake (1980), Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors32, 209–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovelli, A. (1983b),Time-frequency analysis of seismic excitation and estimates of attenuation parameters for the Friuli (Italy) local earthquakes. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors33, 94–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovelli, A. (1984a),Seismic Qof the lithosphere for Montenegro region (Yugoslavia): frequency, depth and time windowing effects. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors34, 159–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovelli, A. (1984b),Seismic wave attenuation in southern Italy crest; scattering from random heterogeneities mechanism or intrinsic Q variations with the depth? InProblems and methods for lithosphere exploration. (R. Cassinis, ed.), in the collection Eltore Majorana International Science Series (Plenum Press, New York) 19, pp. 207–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saphira, A. (1980),Magnitude determination from coda duration of underground nuclear explosions. Seismological Section, Uppsala, Sweden, Report 2-80, 25 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. (1977a),Energy propagation including scattering effects. Single isotropic scattering approximation. J. Phys. Earth25, 27–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. (1977b),Single isotropic scattering model including wave conversions. Simple theoretical model of the short-period body wave propagation. J. Phys. Earth25, 163–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. (1978),Mean free path of S-waves under the Kanto District of Japan. J. Phys. Earth26, 185–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. (1979),Wave propagation in one-dimensional inhomogeneous elastic media. J. Phys. Earth27, 455–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. (1981),Attenuation of elastic waves in one-dimensional inhomogeneous elastic media. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors26, 244–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. (1982a),Amplitude attenuation of impulsive waves in random media based on travel time corrected mean wave formalism. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.71, 559–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. (1982b),Attenuation of S waves in the lithosphere due to scattering by its random velocity structure. J. Geophys. Res.87, 7779–7785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. (1982c),Coda wave excitation due to nonisotropic scattering and nonspherical source radiation. J. Geophys. Res.87, 8665–8676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. (1984),Attenuation of envelope formation of three-component seismograms of small local earthquakes in randomly inhomogeneous lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res.89, 1221–1241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. (1986),Temporal change in attenuation intensity before and after the eastern Yamanashi earthquake of 1983, in central Japan. J. Geophys. Res.91, 2049–2061.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. andMatsumura, S. (1980a),Three-dimensional analysis of scattered P waves on the basis of the PP single isotropic scattering model. J. Phys. Earth28, 521–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. andMatsumura, S. (1980b),Q −1 values for S waves (2–32 Hz) under the Kanto district (in Japanese). Zisin33, 541–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, R. andEspinosa, A. F. (1964),Dissipation in the earth's mantle from waves multiply reflected at the core-mantle boundary [abs.]. EOS Transactions AGU, American Geophysical Union 45th Ann. Meeting, Washington, D.C.

  • Sato, R. andEspinosa, A. F. (1967),Dissipation in the earth's mantle and rigidity and viscosity in the earth's core determined from waves multiply reflected from the core-mantle boundary. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.57, 829–856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savage, J. (1966),Thermoelastic attenuation of elastic waves by cracks. J. Geophys. Res.71, 3929–3938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheimer, J. andLanders, T. E. (1974),Short period coda of a local event at LASA, Seismic Discrimination. Semiannual Tech. Sum. 42 Lincoln Lab., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherbaum, F. andKisslinger, C. (1985),Coda Q in the Adak seismic zone. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.75, 615–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S. (1981),Regionalization of crustal Q in the continental United States. Ph.D. Thesis, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S. K. andHerrmann, R. B. (1983),Regionalization of crustal coda Q in the continental United States. J. Geophys. Res.88, 527–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snieder, R. (1986),3-D linearized scattering of surface waves and a formalism for surface wave holography. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.84, 581–605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobczyk, K. (1985),Stochastic Wave Propagation (Elsevier, Amsterdam).

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, S. C. (1972),Seismic wave attenuation and partial melting in the upper mantle of North America. J. Geophys. Res.77, 1483–1502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soloviev, S. L. (1965),Seismicity of Sakhalin. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst., Tokyo Univ.43, 95–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Street, R. L. (1976),Scaling northeastern United States/southeastern Canadian earthquakes by their L g waves. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.66, 1525–1537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subash, S. M. G. (1979),Interpretation de l'origine de la coda de seismes locaux déduite de leur propietés sur 3 composants. Thése soutenue á L'Université L. Pasteur de Strasbourg.

  • Subash, S. M. G. andChoudhury, M. A. (1979),Coda power and modulation characteristics of a complex P signal from underground nuclear explosions. Tectonophysics53, T33-T39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subash, S. M. G. andGir, R. (1979),Test of surface-body wave hypotheses for the Q-frequency dependence of coda. Tectonophysics57, T27-T33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suteau, A. M. andWhitcomb, J. H. (1979),A local earthquake coda magnitude and its relation to duration, moment Mo,and local Richter magnitude ML. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.69, 353–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, G. M., Mitronovas, W. andPomeroy, P. W. (1967),Short-period seismic energy radiation patterns from underground nuclear explosions and small magnitude earthquakes. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.57, 249–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, S. (1972),Anomalous attenuation of P-waves in the Matsushiro earthquake swarm area. J. Phys. Earth20, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, H., Ikeda, R., Mikoshiba, T., Kinoshita, S., Sato, H. andTakahashi, H. (1981),Deep well logs in the Kanto-Tokai area (in Japanese). Rev. Res. Disast. Prev.65, 1–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takano, K. (1971),Analysis of seismic coda of ultra-microearthquakes in the Matsushiro area, A comparison with Parkfield, California. J. Phys. Earth19, 209–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatarskii, V. I. (1961),Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium, (McGraw-Hill, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. R. andBonner, B. P. (1986),Attenuation and scattering of broadband P and S waves across North America. J. Geophys. Res.91, 7309–7325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toksöz, N., Dainty, A. M., Solomon, S. C. andAnderson, K. R. (1974),Structure of the Moon. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys.12, 539–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, Y. B. andAki, K. (1969),Simultaneous determination of the seismic moment and attenuation of seismic surface waves. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am.59, 275–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsujiura, M. (1966),Frequency analysis of seismic waves. 1, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst., Tokyo Univ.44, 873–891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsujiura, M. (1967),Frequency analysis of seismic waves. 2, Bull Earthquake Res. Inst., Tokyo Univ.45, 973–995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsujiura, M. (1969),Regional variation of P-wave spectra. 1, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst., Tokyo Univ.47, 613–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsujiura, M. (1978),Spectral analysis of the coda waves from local earthquakes. Bull. Earthquake Res Inst., Tokyo Univ.53, 1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsukuda, T. (1985),Coda Q before and after a medium-scale earthquake, paper presented at the 23rd General Assembly of IASPEI, Tokyo.

  • Tsumura, K. (1967),Determination of earthquake magnitude from total duration of oscillation. Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst., Tokyo Univ.45, 7–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uscinski, B. DJ. (1977),The Elements of Wave Propagation in Random Media (McGraw-Hill, New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Varadan, V. K., Varadan, V. V. andPao, Y. H. (1978),Multiple scattering of elastic waves by cylinders of arbitrary cross-section I, SH waves. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.63, 1310–1319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varadan, V. K. andVaradan, V. V. (1979),Frequency dependence of elastic (SH-) wave velocity and attenuation in anisotropic two-phase media. Wave Motion1, 53–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinnik, L. P. (1974),Scattering of longitudinal waves in the earth (English Trans.). Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Zemli11, 718–728.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinnik, L. P. (1981),Evaluation of the effective cross-section of scattering in the lithosphere. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors26, 268–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vostrikov, G. A. (1975),Estimate of the seismic moment of local earthquakes from the tail portion of the seismogram (English Trans.). Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR220, 9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesley, M. P. (1965),Diffusion of seismic energy in the near range. J. Geophys. Res.70, 5099–5106.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, B. J. andShlesinger, M. F. (1984),The fractal interpretation of the weak scattering of elastic waves. J. Statis. Phys.36, 779–786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M., Wyss, M. andKoyanagi, R. (1983),Temporal attenuation change in the Koae fault system, southern Hawaii [abs.]. EOS Transactions AGU64, 761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R. S. (1982a),Attenuation of short period seismic waves due to scattering. Geophys. Res. Lett.9, 9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R. S. (1982b),Mean field attenuation and amplitude attenuation due to wave scattering. Wave Motion4, 305–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R. S. (1984a),Seismic wave scattering and the small scale inhomogeneities in the lithosphere. Ph.D. Thesis Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu. R. S. (1984b),The scattering pattern of a single scatterer in an elastic medium and coda wave. DARPA report.

  • Wu, R. S. (1985a),Multiple scattering and energy transfer of seismic waves, separation of scattering effect from intrinsic attenuation, I. theoretical modeling. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc.82, 57–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu. R. S. (1985b),Fractal dimensions of fault surfaces and the inhomogeneity spectrum of the lithosphere revealed from seismic wave scattering, to be published in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Multiple Scattering of Waves in Random Media and Random Rough Surfaces, July 29–Aug. 2, 1985, Pennsylvania State University.

  • Wu, R. S. (1986),Heterogeneity spectrum, wave scattering response of a fractal random medium and the rupture processes in the medium. J. Wave-Material Interaction1, 79–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R. S., andAki, K. (1985a),Scattering characteristics of elastic waves by an elastic heterogeneity. Geophysics50, 582–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R. S. andAki, K. (1985b),Scattering of elastic waves by a random medium and the small scale inhomogeneities in the lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res.90, 10261–10276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyss, M. (1985),Precursory phenomena before large earthquakes. Earthq. Predict. Res.3, 519–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamakawa, N. (1962),Scattering and attenuation of elastic waves. Geophys. Mag.31, 63–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ying, C. F. andTruell, R. (1956),Scattering of a plane longitudinal wave by a spherical obstacle in an isotropically elastic solid. J. Appl. Phys.27, 1087–1097.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapolskii, K. K. (1960),Measurements of the level and spectral composition of short period microseisms (in Russian). Trudy Inst. Geol. Geofiz.10, 153–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapolskii, K. K. (1971),The frequency selective seismograph station ChISS. InExperimental Seismology (in Russian) (Nauka Publishing House, Moscow) pp. 20–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zener, C. M. (1948),Elasticity and Anelasticity of Metals (University of Chicago Press, Chicago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhadin, V. V. (1979),Temporal variations in the effective Q factor of the upper layers in the lithosphere that are associated with the Ozernory earthquake of Novemeber 22, 1969, and the Ust Kamchatsk earthquake of December 15, 1971 (in Russian). Dolk. Akad. Nauk SSSR248, 580–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y. G. andYang, G. Z. (1983),Determination of Q-value by the coda wave for a portion of Sichuan Province (in Chinese, English abs.). Acta Seism. Sinica5, 304–312.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cátedra de Geofisica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    M. Herraiz

  2. M.S. 966, Denver Federal Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25046, 80225, Denver, Colorado, USA

    A. F. Espinosa

Authors
  1. M. Herraiz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. F. Espinosa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Herraiz, M., Espinosa, A.F. Coda waves: A review. PAGEOPH 125, 499–577 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879572

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879572

Key words

Search

Navigation