Abstract
The authors investigate the differences in ethical perceptions of Australian and Hong Kong international managers. Ethical perceptions are measured with respect to different industry types, cultures and modes of entry into international markets. Mode of entry refers to how firms select to enter foreign markets. Modes of entry include: exporting (indirect or direct), contractual methods (licensing and franchising) and via direct foreign investment (joint ventures and wholly-owned subsidiaries). It was determined that culture and mode of entry have a significant effect on the perception of ethical problems.
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Robert Armstrong is an Associate Professor of Marketing and Research Associate of the Asia Research Centre at Murdoch University. His prior experience includes: industrial management, marketing research and corporate planning. His research and consulting interests are centred in the areas of international marketing ethics and services marketing.
Jill Sweeney is a Senior Tutor at Murdoch University and is currently working on a doctorate. Jill's chief research interests are in the areas of services marketing and marketing ethics.
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Armstrong, R.W., Sweeney, J. Industry type, culture, mode of entry and perceptions of international marketing ethics problems: A cross-cultural comparison. J Bus Ethics 13, 775–785 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876258
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876258