Abstract
One hundred and seventeen streptosporangia from soil were compared with marker strains of the familyStreptosporangiaceae for many phenotypic properties. The data were examined using the Jaccard, pattern and simple matching coefficients with clustering achieved using average, complete and single linkage algorithms. Particular confidence was placed in the product of the pattern, average linkage analysis given the sharp definition of aggregate groups and clusters and a combination of low test error and high cophenetic correlation values. The test strains were assigned to five aggregate groups that were equated with the generaStreptosporangium (group A),Microbispora (group B),Planobispora andPlanomonospora (Group C),Kutzneria (neéStreptosporangium viridogriseum (group D), andMicrotetraspora (group E). The streptosporangia, both isolates and marker strains, were assigned to 5 major, 7 minor and 18 single membered clusters. Representative streptosporangia examined for chemical markers were characterised by the presence ofmeso-diaminopimelic acid in whole-organism hydrolysates, complex mixtures of straight- and branched chain fatty acids, di- and tetrahydrogenated menaquinones as predominant isoprenologues, and complex polar lipid patterns containing diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and uncharacterised components. The chemical and numerical data support the taxonomic integrity of the validly described species ofStreptosporangium and suggest that the genus is markedly underspeciated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Athalye M, Goodfellow M & Minnikin DE (1984) Menaquinone composition in the classification ofActinomadura and related taxa. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130: 817–823
Athalye M, Goodfellow M, Lacey J & White RP (1985) Numerical classification ofActinomadura andNocardiopsis. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 35: 86–98
Austin B & Colwell RR (1977) Evaluation of some coefficients for use in numerical taxonomy of microorganisms. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 27: 204–210
Ballio A & Barcellona S (1968) Rélations cliniques et immunologiques chez lesActinomycetales. 1. Les acides gras de 43 souches d'Actinomycetales aerobes. Annls. Inst. Pasteur, Paris 114: 121–137
Bull AT, Goodfellow M & Slater JH (1993) Biodiversity as a source of innovation in biotechnology. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 46: 219–257
Collins MD, Pirouz T, Goodfellow M & Minnikin DE (1977) Distribution of menaquinones in actinomycetes and corynebacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 100: 221–230
Collins MD, Faulkner M & Keddie RM (1984) Menaquinone composition of some sporeforming actinomycetes. System. Appl. Microbiol. 5: 20–29
Couch JN (1955) A new genus and family of theActinomycetales with a revision of the genusActinoplanes. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 71: 148–155
Cowan ST (1974) Cowan and Steel's Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Frazier NC (1926) A method for the detection of changes in gelatin due to bacteria. J. Infect. Dis. 39: 302–309
Furumai T, Ogawa H & Okuda T (1968) Taxonomic study onStreptosporangium albidum nov. sp. J. Antibiot. 21: 179–181
Goodfellow M (1989) Suprageneric classification of actinomycetes. In: Williams ST, Sharpe ME, Holt JG (Eds) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 4 (pp 2333–2339). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
—— (1991) The familyStreptosporangiaceae. In: Balows A, Trüper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W & Schleifer KH (Eds) The Prokaryotes, Second Edition (pp 1115–1138). Springer-Verlag, New York
Goodfellow M & Dickinson CH (1985) Delineation and description of microbial populations using numerical methods. In: Goodfellow M, Jones D & Priest FG (Eds) Computer-Assisted Bacterial Systematics (pp 165–225). Academic Press, Orlando
Goodfellow M & O'Donnell AG (1993) Roots of bacterial systematics. In: Goodfellow M & O'Donnell AG (Eds) Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics (pp 3–54). Academic Press, London
Goodfellow M & Pirouz T (1982) Numerical classification of sporoactinomycetes containingmeso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall. J. Gen. Microbiol. 128: 503–527
Goodfellow M, Orlean PAB, Collins MD & Alshamaony L (1978) Chemical and numerical taxonomy of strains received asGordona aurantiaca. J. Gen. Microbiol. 109: 57–68
Goodfellow M, Alderson G & Lacey J (1979) Numerical taxonomy ofActinomadura and related actinomycetes. J. Gen. Microbiol. 112: 95–111
Goodfellow M, Weaver CR & Minnikin DE (1982) Numerical classification of some rhodococci, corynebacteria and related organisms. J. Gen. Microbiol. 128: 731–745
Goodfellow M, Lonsdale C, James AL & Macnamara OC (1987) Rapid biochemical tests for the characterisation of streptomycetes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 43: 39–44
Goodfellow M, Stackebrandt E & Kroppenstedt RM (1988) Chemotaxonomy and actinomycete systematics. In: Okami Y, Beppu T & Ogawara H (Eds) Biology of Actinomycetes '88 (pp 233–238). Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo
Goodfellow M, Lacey J, Athalye M, Embley TM & Bowen T (1989)Saccharopolyspora gregorii andSaccharopolyspora hordei: two new actinomycete species from fodder. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135: 2125–2139
Goodfellow M, Stanton LJ, Simpson KE & Minnikin DE (1990) Numerical and chemical classification ofActinoplanes and some related actinomycetes. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136: 19–36
Gordon RE (1966) Some criteria for the recognition ofNocardia madurae (Vincent) Blanchard. J. Gen. Microbiol. 45: 355–364
Gordon RE & Mihm JM (1962) Identification ofNocardia caviae (Erikson) nov. comb. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 98: 628–636
Gupta KC (1965) A new species of the genusStreptosporangium isolated from Indian soil. J. Antibiot. 18: 125–127
Hasegawa T, Lechevalier MP & Lechevalier HA (1979) Phospholipid composition of motile actinomycetes. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 25: 209–213
Hayakawa M, Kajiura T & Nonomura H (1991) New methods for the highly selective isolation ofStreptosporangium andDactylosporangium from soil. J. Ferm. Bioeng. 72: 327–333
Jones KL (1949) Fresh isolates of actinomycetes in which the presence of sporogeneous aerial mycelia is a fluctuating characteristic. J. Bacteriol. 57: 141–145
Kawamoto I, Takasawa S, Okachi R, Kohakura M, Takahashi I & Nara T (1975) A new antibiotic victomycin (XK 49-1-B-2). 1. Taxonomy and production of the producing organism. J. Antibiot. 28: 358–365
Kemmerling C, Gürther H, Kroppenstedt R, Toalster R & Stackebrandt E (1993) Evidence of the phylogenetic heterogeneity of the genusStreptosporangium. System. Appl. Microbiol. (in press)
Kroppenstedt RM (1985) Fatty acid and menaquinone analysis of actinomycetes and related organisms. In: Goodfellow M & Minnikin DE (Eds) Chemical Methods in Bacterial Systematics (pp 173–199). Academic Press, London
Kroppenstedt RM & Goodfellow M (1991) The familyThermomonosporaceae. In: Balows A, Trüper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W & Schleifer KH (Eds) The Prokaryotes, Second Edition (pp 1085–1114). Springer Verlag, New York
Kroppenstedt RM, Stackebrandt E & Goodfellow M (1990) Taxonomic revision of the actinomycete generaActinomadura andMicrotetraspora. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 13: 148–160
Kudo T & Seino A (1987) Transfer ofStreptosporangiumindianense Gupta 1965 to the genusStreptomyces asStreptomyces indiaensis (Gupta 1965) comb. nov. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 37: 241–244
Kudo T, Itoh T, Miyadoh S, Shomura T & Seino A (1993)Herbidospora gen. nov., a new genus of the familyStreptosporangiaceae Goodfellow et al. 1990. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 319–328
Küster E (1959) Outline of a comparative study of criteria used in the characterisation of the actinomycetes. Int. Bull. Bacteriol. Nomencl. Taxon 9: 97–104
Lechevalier MP (1977) Lipids in bacterial taxonomy — a taxonomist's viewpoint. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 5: 109–210
Lechevalier MP & Lechevalier HA (1970) Chemical composition in the classification of aerobic actinomycetes. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 20: 435–443
Lechevalier MP, De Biëvre C & Lechevalier HA (1977) Chemotaxonomy of aerobic actinomycetes: Phospholipid composition. Biochem. System. Ecol. 5: 249–260
McCarthy AJ & Cross T (1984) A taxonomic study ofThermomonospora and other monosporic actinomycetes. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130: 5–25
Mertz FP & Yao RC (1990)Streptosporangium carneum sp. nov. isolated from soil. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 40: 247–253
Minnikin DE, O'Donnell AG, Goodfellow M, Alderson G, Athalye M, Schaal A & Parlett JH (1984) An integrated procedure for the extraction of bacterial isoprenoid quinones and polar lipids. J. Microbiol. Meth. 2: 233–241
Nonomura H (1989) GenusStreptosporangium Couch 1955 148AL. In: Williams ST, Sharpe ME & Holt JG (Eds) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 4 (pp 2545–2551). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
Nonomura H & Ohara Y (1969a) Distribution of actinomycetes in soil. VI. A culture method effective for preferential isolation and enumeration ofMicrobispora andStreptosporangium strains in soil. J. Ferment. Technol. 47: 463–469
—— (1969b) Distribution of actinomycetes in soil. VII. A culture method effective for both preferential isolation and enumeration ofMicrobispora andStreptosporangium strains in soil. Part 2. Classification of isolates. J. Ferment. Technol. 47: 701–709
Ochi K & Miyadoh S (1992) Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of ribosomal protein AT-L30 from an actinomycete genusStreptosporangium. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 42: 151–155
Ochi K, Miyadoh S & Tamura T (1991) Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of ribosomal protein AT-L30 as a novel approach to actinomycete taxonomy: Application to the generaActinomadura andMicrotetraspora. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 41: 234–239
Ochi K, Haraguchi K & Miyadoh S (1993) A taxonomic review of the genusMicrobispora by analysis of ribosomal protein AT-L30. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 43: 58–62
O'Donnell AG, Goodfellow M & Minnikin DE (1982) Lipids in the classification ofNocardioides: Reclassification ofArthrobacter simplex (Jensen) Lockhead in the genusNocardioides (Prauser) emend. O'Donnell et al. asNocardioides simplex comb. nov. Arch. Microbiol. 133: 323–329
Okami Y, Hamada M & Ueda N (1968) Relationship between genera of actinomycetes with reference to gas chromatographic analysis. In: Iizuka H & Hasegawa R (Eds) Proceedings of the First International Conference on Culture Collections (pp 457–475). University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo
Okuda T, Furumai T, Watanabe E, Okugawa T & Kimura S (1966)Actinoplanaceae antibiotics. II. Study of sporoviridin. 2. Taxonomic study of the sporoviridin producing microorganism:Streptosporangium viridogriseum sp. nov. J. Antibiot. Ser. A19: 121–127
Oshima M, Ueta N & Yamakawa T (1969) Gas chromatographic study of the microbial component. IV. Branched chain fatty acids inMicrobisporachromogenes M-22. Jap. J. Exp. Med. 39: 77–84
Poschner J, Kroppenstedt RM, Fischer A & Stackebrandt E (1985) DNA reassociation and chemotaxonomic studies inActinomadura, Microtetraspora, Micropolyspora andNocardiopsis. System. Appl. Microbiol. 6: 264–270
Runmao H, Guizhen W & Junying L (1993) A new genus of actinomycetes,Planotetraspora gen. nov. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 43: 468–470
Sackin MJ & Jones D (1993) Computer-assisted classification. In: Goodfellow M & O'Donnell AG (Eds) Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics (pp 281–313). Academic Press, London
Saddler GS, Goodfellow M, Minnikin E & O'Donnell AG (1986) Influence of the growth cycle on the fatty acid and menaquinone composition ofStreptomyces cyaneus NCIB 9616. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 60: 51–56
Slifkin M & Gil GM (1983) Rapid biochemical tests for the identification of groups A, B, C, F and G streptococci from throat cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18: 29–32
Sneath PHA (1957) The application of computers to taxonomy. J. Gen. Microbiol. 17: 201–226
—— (1980) BASIC program for the most diagnostic properties of groups from an identification matrix of percent positive characters. Comp. Geosci. 6: 21–26
Sneath PHA & Johnson R (1972) The influence on numerical taxonomic similarities of errors in microbiological tests. J. Gen. Microbiol. 72: 377–382
Sneath PHA & Sokal RR (1983) Numerical Taxonomy. The Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco
Sokal RR & Michener CD (1958) A statistical method for evaluating systematic relationships. Kan. Univ. Sci. Bull. 38: 1409–1438
Sokal RR & Rohlf FJ (1962) The comparison of dendrograms by objective methods. Taxon 11: 33–40
Stackebrandt E (1986) The significance of ‘wall-types’ in phylogenetically based taxonomic studies on actinomycetes. In: Szabó G, Biró S & Goodfellow M (Eds) Biological, Biochemical and Biomedical Aspects of Actinomycetes (pp 497–506). Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest
Stackebrandt E & Schleifer KH (1984) Molecular systematics of actinomycetes and related organisms. In: Ortiz-Ortiz L, Bohalil LF & Yakoleff V (pp 485–504), Academic Press, Orlando
Stackebrandt E, Wunner Füssl B, Fowler VJ & Schleifer KH (1981) Deoxyribonucleic acid homologies and ribosomal ribonucleic acid similarities among sporeforming members of the orderActinomycetales. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 31: 420–431
Stackebrandt E, Ludwig W, Seewaldt E & Schleifer KH (1983) Phylogeny of sporeforming members of the orderActinomycetales. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 33: 173–180
Stackebrandt E, Kroppenstedt RM, Jahnke K-D, Kemmerling C & Gürther H (1994) Transfer ofStreptosporangium viridogriseum (Okuda et al. 1966),Streptosporangium viridogriseum subsp,kofuense (Nonomura and Ohara 1969) andStreptosporangium albidum (Furumai et al. 1968) toKutzneria gen. nov. asKutzneria viridogrisea comb. nov.,Kutzneria kofuense comb. nov. andKutzneria albida comb. nov., and emendation of the genusStreptosporangium. Int. J. System Bacteriol. (in press)
Staneck JL & Roberts GD (1974) Simplified approach to identification of aerobic actinomycetes by thin layer chromatography. Appl. Microbiol. 28: 226–231
Thirsk ML (1957) Hippurate hydrolysis inKlebsiella — Cloaca classification. J. Gen. Microbiol. 17: 390–395
Tresner HD & Backus EJ (1963) System of colour wheels for strep-tomycete taxonomy. Appl. Microbiol. 11: 335–338
Wellington EMH & Williams ST (1978) Preservation of actinomycete inoculum in frozen glycerol. Microbios. Lett. 6: 151–157
Wilkinson BJ & Jones D (1977) A numerical taxonomic survey ofListeria and related bacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 98: 399–421
Williams ST, Goodfellow M, Alderson G, Wellington EMH, Sneath PHA & Sackin MJ (1983) Numerical classification ofStreptomyces and related genera. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129: 1743–1813
Wishart D (1978) Clusters User Manual. Version 1C, Release 2, 3rd edn. Edinburgh University Program Library Unit, Edinburgh
Ziegler P & Kutzner HJ (1973) Hippurate hydrolysis as a taxonomic criterion in the genusStreptomyces (OrderActinomycetales). Z. allg. Mikrobiol. 13: 263–270
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Whitham, T.S., Athalye, M., Minnikin, D.E. et al. Numerical and chemical classification ofStreptosporangium and some related actinomycetes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 64, 387–429 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00873094
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00873094