Skip to main content
Log in

Some features of the periods contributing specified percentages of rainfall to annual total in Kerala, India

  • Published:
Theoretical and Applied Climatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Based on daily rainfall data over a period of 80 years (1901–1980) taken at 75 stations, this paper reports interannual and long term fluctuations of the following parameters of the periods contributing each of 2, 5, 10, 20–90 and 95% rainfall to annual total over each of North Kerala and South Kerala rainfall subregions of India:

  1. (i)

    the starting date,

  2. (ii)

    the ending date,

  3. (iii)

    the length of the rainfall period or duration,

  4. (iv)

    the total rainfall (which is a fixed percentage of the annual total) of the rainfall period, and

  5. (v)

    the rainfall time-distribution characteristic which has been quantified by computing Oliver's precipitation concentration index (PCI) using daily rainfall data of the concerned rainfall period.

For most of the rainfall periods, the time series of starting and ending dates and length are homogeneous and random, and tend to observe the normal probability distribution. The different PCI series of North Kerala and the annual rainfall series of South Kerala show significantly decreasing trend which are indicative of considerable change in the hydroclimatic environment of Kerala. Possible changes in the southwest monsoon circulation along the west coast of India and excessive deforestation in Kerala which might have caused these rainfall changes are discussed.

Zusammenfassung

Unter Heranziehung der Tagesniederschlagsdaten von 75 Stationen über einen Zeitraum von 80 Jahren (1901–1980) untersucht vorliegende Studie Langzeitschwankungen folgender Parameter jener Perioden, die für jede der beiden Niederschlagszonen Nord-Kerala und Süd-Kerala 2, 5, 10, 20–90 und 95% zum gesamten Jahresniederschlag beitragen:

  1. 1.

    Anfangsdatum,

  2. 2.

    Enddatum,

  3. 3.

    Dauer der Niederschlagsperiode,

  4. 4.

    die Niederschlagssumme der Periode (die einem fixen Prozentsatz des Jahresniederschlags entspricht) und

  5. 5.

    die Charakteristik der Niederschlagszeitverteilung, die mittels Olivers Niederschlagskonzentrations-Index (PCI) unter Heranziehung der Tagesniederschlagsdaten der behandelten Niederschlagsperioden quantifiziert wurde.

Für die meisten Niederschlagsperioden gilt, daß die Zeitreihen der Anfangs- und Enddaten als auch der Dauer homogen und zufällig verteilt sind und im allgemeinen der Normalverteilung folgen. Die unterschiedlichen PCI-Reihen von Nord-Kerala und der Jahresniederschlagsserien von Süd-Kerala weisen einen deutlich abnehmenden Trend auf, Indikatoren für die bedeutenden Veränderungen des Hydroklimas in Kerala. Die Studie behandelt mögliche Veränderungen der Süd-West-Monsun-Zirkulation entlang der indischen Westküste und die ausgedehnte Entwaldung in Kerala, die diese Niederschlagsveränderungen bewirkt haben könnten.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alvi, S. M. A., Koteswaram, P., 1985: Time series analysis of annual rainfall over India.Mausam 36, 479–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ananthakrishnan, R., Acharya, U. R., Ramakrishnan, A. R., 1967: On the criteria for declaring the onset of the southwest monsoon over Kerala, Forecasting Manual, FMU No. IV-18.1, Met Office, Poona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ananthakrishnan, R., Parthasarathy, B., Pathan, J. M., 1979: Meteorology of Kerala. Contribution to Marine Sciences dedicated to Dr. C. V. Kurian, 60–125.

  • Anonymous, 1978:Kerala in Maps. Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala, India.

  • Champion, Sir, H. G., Seth, S. K., 1968:The Forest Types of India. Manager of Publications, Government of India Press, Delhi-6, 48 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hingane, L. S., Rupa Kumar, K., Ramana Murthy, Bh. V., 1985: Long term trends of surface air temperature in India.J. Climat. 5, 521–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • India Meteorological Department, 1986: Climate of Kerala. Report No. PDGM-115 N/250-1986 (DSK-II), Division of Climatology and Geophysics, Pune 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather, J. R., 1985: Drought indices for water managers. Publication in Climatology, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 2, C. W. Thornthwaite Associates, Laboratory of Climatology, Elmer, NJ 08318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghavan, K., 1964: Influence of the Western Ghats on the monsoon rainfall at the coastal boundary of Peninsula India.Ind. J. Met. Geophys 15, 617–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, N., Yamada, M., Murakami, C., 1985: Distribution of the precipitation concentration index over east Asia and regional division by its use. 1984 Japanese Progress in Climatology, 56 pp.

  • Shukla, J., 1987: Interannual variability of monsoons. In:Monsoons. (Eds. Jay S. Fein and Pamela L. Stephens) Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Sons, 399–463.

  • Singh, N., 1986: On the duration of the rainy season over different parts of India.Theor. Appl. Climatol. 37, 51–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N., Soman, M. K., 1987: Some aspects of hydroclimatic fluctuations in Kerala, India.J. Climate Appl. Meteor. (under review).

  • Soman, M. K., Krishna Kumar, K., Singh, N., 1988: Decreasing trend in the rainfall of Kerala.Current Science 57, 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan, V., Mukherji, S., Ramamurthy, R., 1972: Southwest monsoon-Typical situations over Kerala and Arabian sea islands. Forecasting Manual Part III FMU Rep. No. III-3.8, India Meteorological Department, Poona-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • WMO, 1966: Climatic change. WMO Tech Note No. 79, WMO 195, TP-100, 80 pp.

  • WMO, 1975: Drought and agriculture. WMO Tech. Note No. 38, WMO No. 392, 17 pp.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

With 6 Figures

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Singh, N., Kumar, K.K. & Soman, M.K. Some features of the periods contributing specified percentages of rainfall to annual total in Kerala, India. Theor Appl Climatol 39, 160–170 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00868311

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00868311

Keywords

Navigation