Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A social-psychological perspective on successful community control of high blood pressure: A review

  • Published:
Journal of Behavioral Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review brings together studies dealing with factors that affect participation in screening, referral, and treatment for high blood pressure (HBP). Community-based screening programs are examined first, in order to describe the changing and the current distribution of hypertensives as “unaware,” untreated, treated but uncontrolled, and controlled by treatment. Factors influencing this distribution are examined. Next, data on referral, acceptance of treatment, and staying in treatment are discussed, with a special reference to intervention studies. The review then brings in the broader social science literature on the psychosocial dynamics of health-maintaining and risk-reducing behaviors. The article concludes with an interpretive summary and some suggestions for further action.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbey, L. M. (1974). Screening for hypertension in the dental office.J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 88: 563–567.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abernethy, J. D. (1974). The Australian national blood pressure study.Med. J. Aust. 1: 821–824.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abernethy, J. D. (1976). The problem of non-compliance in long-term anti-hypertensive therapy.Drug 11: 86–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agras. W. S. (1978). A system for initiating and maintaining anti-hypertensive treatment. In Jenkins, C. D. (ed.),Toward More Effective Control of High Blood Pressure in Communities, American Heart Association, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderman, M. H. (1975). Screening for hypertension.Lancet 1: 327.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman, M. H., and Davis, T. K. (1978). Comparison of union sponsored blood pressure treatment on and off the work site.Prev. Med. 7: 34 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderman, M. H., and Schoenbaum, E. E. (1975). Detection and treatment of hypertension at the work site.New Engl. J. Med. 293: 65–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alderman, M. H., and Schoenbaum, E. E. (1976). Hypertension control among employed persons in New York City: 1973–75.Milbank Mem. Fund Q. 54: 367–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambuel, J. P., Cebulla, J., Watt, N., and Crowne, D. P. (1964). Urgency as a factor in clinic attendance.Am. J. Dis. Child. 108: 394–398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antonovsky, A., and Hartman, H. (1974). Delay in detection of cancer: A review of the literature.Health Educ. Monogr. 2: 98–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apostolides, A., Hebel, J. R., McDill, M. S., and Henderson, M. M. (1974). High blood pressure: Its care and consequences in urban centers.Int. J. Epidemiol. 3: 105–118.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Apostolides, A. Y., Entwisle, G., Ouellet, R., and Hebel, J. R. (1978). Improving trend in hypertension control in a black inner city community.Am. J. Epidemiol. 107: 113–119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avnet, H. H. (1967).Physician Service Patterns and Illness Rates, Group Health Insurance, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baric, L. (1969). Recognition of the “at-risk” role: A means to influence health behavior.Int. J. Health Educ. 12: 24–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. H. (ed.) (1974). The Health Belief Model and personal health behavior.Health Educ. Monogr. 2: 326–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. H. (1976). Sociobehavioral determinants of compliance. In Sackett, D. L., and Haynes, R. B. (eds.),Compliance with Threrapeutic Regimens, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. J., Drachman, R. H., and Kirscht, J. P. (1972). Motivations as predictors of health behavior.Health Serv. Rep. 87: 852–862.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. H., Drachman, R. H., and Kirscht, J. P. (1974). A new approach to explaining sick-role behavior in low-income populations.Am. J. Pub. Health 64: 205–216.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, M. H., Haefner, D. P., Kasl, S. V., Kirscht, J. P., Maiman, L. A., and Rosenstock, I. M. (1977). Selected psychosocial models and correlates of individual health-related behaviors.Med. Care 15 (No. 5, Suppl.): 27–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellin, S. S., and Geiger, H. J. (1972). The impact of a neighborhood health center on patients' behavior and attitudes relating to health care: A study of a low income housing project.Med. Care 10: 224–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benfari, R. C., McIntyre, K., Eaker, E., Blumberg, S., and Paul, O. (1978). The psychological effects of being labelled at high risk of CHD. Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berberian, R. M., Gross, C., Lovejoy, J., and Paparella, S. (1976). The effectiveness of drug education programs: A critical review.Health Educ. Monogr. 4: 377–398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, N. H., Malone, M. F., Klein, M. W., and Eaton, A. (1963). Patient follow-through in the outpatient department.Nurs. Res. 12: 16–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkson, D. M., Brown, M. C., Stanton, H., Masterson, J., Shireman, L., Ausbrook, D., and Mikes, D. (1978). The continuing improvement in hypertension detection and treatment in Chicago.Prev. Med. 7: 41 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjerre, B. (1969). Studies on population screening for early carcinoma of the uterine cervix.Acta Obstet. Gynaecol. Scand. 48 (Suppl. No. 6): 3–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, B. (1972) The drug defaulter.Clin. Pharm. Ther. 13: 841–848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, J. R. (1978). Hypertension control through the design of targeted delivery models.Pub. Health Rep. 93: 35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogue, D. (ed.) (1967).Mass Communication and Motivation for Birth Control, Community and Family Study Center, University of Chicago, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borsky, P., and Sagen, O. K. (1959). Motivations toward health examinations.Am. J. Pub. Health 49: 514–527.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, P. W. (1973). The problem of cigarette smoking and its control.Int. J. Addictions 8: 353–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruhn, J. G. (1969). Sociological factors related to participation in a screening clinic for heart disease.Soc. Sci. Med. 3: 85–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calden, G., Lewis, W. C., Lorenz, T. H., and Thurston, J. R. (1956). Action research in psychology of the tuberculosis patient — The problem of irregular discharge. In Sparer, P. J. (ed.),Personality, Stress and Tuberculosis, International University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, J. R., Cobb, S., Dowling, M. D., and deJongh, D. (1970). The dropout problem in an antihypertensive treatment.J. Chron. Dis. 22: 579–592.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, R. D., Robinson, E. A. R., French, J. R. P., Jr., Caldwell, J. R., and Shinn, M. (1976).Adhering to Medical Regimens: Pilot Experiments in Patient Education and Social Support, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charman, R. C. (1974). Hypertension management program in an industrial community.JAMA 227: 287–291.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charney, E. (1972). Patient-doctor communication: Implications for the clinician.Pediat. Clin. N. Am. 19: 263–279.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, E., and Cobb, S. (1958). Further study of non-participation problems in a morbidity survey involving clinical examination.J. Chron. Dis. 7: 321–331.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress.Psychosom. Med. 38: 300–314.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, S., King, S., and Chen, E. (1957). Differences between respondents and non-respondents in a morbidity survey involving clinical examination.J. Chron. Dis. 6: 95–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, C. (1975). The Churchill high blood pressure screening project.J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 67: 246–247.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D'Atri, D., Ostfeld, A. M., Vitale, J. N., and Fitzgerald, E. F. (1978). A state-wide high blood pressure control program. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. S. (1966). Variations in patients' compliance with doctors' orders: Analysis of congruence between survey responses and results of empirical investigations.J. Med. Educ. 41: 1037–1048.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. S. (1967). Discharge from hospital against medical advice: A study of reciprocity in the doctor-patient relationship.Soc. Sci. Med. 1: 336–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Disch, J. M. (1978). Effects of health beliefs about hypertension on preventive health behavior.Prev. Med. 7: 61 (Abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Enelow, A. J., and Henderson, J. B. (eds.) (1975).Applying Behavioral Science to Cardiovascular Risk, American Heart Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar, J. W., Maccoby, N., Wood, P. D., Alexander, J. K., Breitrose, H., Brown, B. W., Jr., Haskell, W. L., McAllister, A. L., Meyer, A. J., Nash, J. D., and Stern, M. P. (1977). Community education for cardiovascular health.Lancet 1: 1192–1195.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, J. J. (1966).The Dissemination of Health Information, Aldine, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink, R., Shapiro, S., and Lewison, J. (1968). The reluctant participant in a breast screening program.Pub. Health Rep. 83: 479–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finnerty, F. A., Jr., Mattie, E. C., and Finnerty, F. A., III. (1973a). Hypertension in the inner city. I. Analysis of clinic dropouts.Circulation 47: 73–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finnerty, F. A., Shaw, L. W., and Himmelsback, C. K. (1973b). Hypertension in the inner city. II. Detection and follow-upCirculation 47: 76–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Florin, A. A., Harkness, J. P., Collins, J. G., and Burton, M. H. (1971). Heart screening in the Newark model cities area: A feasibility study.Am. J. Pub. Health 61: 1130–1139.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foote, A., and Erfurt, J. C. (1977). Controlling hypertension: A cost-effective model.Prev. Med. 6: 319–343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frohlich, E. D., Emmott, C., Hammarsten, J. E., Linehan, W. M., Pollack, D., and Horsley, A. W. (1971). Evaluation of the initial care of hypertensive patients.JAMA 218: 1036–1038.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrielson, I. W., Levin, L. S., and Ellison, M. D. (1967). Factors affecting school health follow-up.Am. J. Pub. Health 57: 48–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geffen, I., and Rock, R. (1978). Affecting compliance with referral via educational intervention.Prev. Med. 7: 74 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, E. M. (1973). Knowledge transfer and institutional change.Professional Psychol. 4: 434–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glogow, E. (1970). Effects of health education methods on appointment breaking.Pub. Health Rep. 85: 441–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, A. D. (1978). Hypertension screening and treating in a tuberculosis clinic.Prev. Med. 7: 77 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, L. W., and Roberts, B. L. (1974). The research literature on why women delay in seeking medical care for breast symptoms.Health Educ. Monogr. 2: 129–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenlick, M. R., Freeborn, D. K., Colombo, T. J., Prussin, J. A., and Saward, E. W. (1972). comparing the use of medical care services by a medically indigent and a general membership population in a comprehensive prepaid group practice program.Med. Care 10: 187–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, R. H., Luepker, R., Knudsen, J., and Blackburn, H. (1978). Late results of a largescale community blood pressure screen.Prev. Med. 7: 80 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Groover, M. E., Fulghum, J. E., and Simpson, W. G. (1974). Arterial hypertension Northwest Florida public health survey. I. Methodology.Current Ther. Res. 16: 1119–1125.

    Google Scholar 

  • HDFP (Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program) Cooperative Group (1977). Blood pressure studies in 14 communities.JAMA 237: 2385–2391.

    Google Scholar 

  • HDFP (Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program) Cooperative Group (1978a). A hypertension control program based on the workplace: Report on the Chicago Center.Prev. Med. 7: 91 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • HDFP (Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program) Cooperative Group (1978b). Patient participation in anti-hypertensive follow-up and treatment program, HDFP.Prev. Med. 7: 92 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • HDFP (Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program) Cooperative Group (1978c). Therapeutic control in blood pressure after one year in the HDFP.Prev. Med. 7: 92 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haefner, D. P., and Kirscht, J. P. (1970). Motivational and behavioral effects of modifying health beliefs.Pub. Health Rep. 85: 478–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Harris and Associates, Inc. (1973).The Public and High Blood Pressure, DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 74-356, Washington, D.C.

  • Hawthorne, V. M., Greaves, D. A., and Beevers, D. G., (1974). Blood pressure in a Scottish town.Br. Med. J. 3: 600–603.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, R. B., Gibson, E. S., Hackett, B. C., Sackett, D. L., Taylor, D. W., Roberts, R. S., and Johnson, A. L. (1976). Improvement of medication compliance in uncontrolled hypertension.Lancet 1: 1265–1268.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, R. B., Mossey, J. L., Sackett, D. L., Taylor, D. W., Gibson, E. S., and Johnson, A. L. (1978). Changes in absenteeism and psychosocial function due to hypertension screening and therapy among working men.Prev. Med. 7: 85 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, M., Apostolides, A., Entwisle, G., and Hebel, R. (1974). A study of hypertension in a black urban community: Preliminary epidemiologic findings.Prev. Med. 3: 334–343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hochbaum, G. M. (1956). Why people seek diagnostic X-rays.Pub. Health Rep. 71: 377–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochbaum, G. M. (1958).Public Participation in Medical Screening Programs, PHS Publication No. 572, Washington, D.C.

  • Hollifield, J. W., Orth, A. S., Ray, E., Kirby, T., Dean, R., and Hoyumpa, A. (1974). Hypertension screening.J. Tenn. Med. Assoc. 67: 404–405.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado, A. V., Greenlick, M. R., and Colombo, T. J. (1973). Determinants of medical care utilization: Failure to keep appointments.Med. Care 11: 189–198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inui, T. S., Yourtee, E. L., and Williamson, J. E. (1976). Improved outcomes in hypertension after physician tutorials: A controlled trial.Ann. Intern. Med. 84: 646–651.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. L., Cornoni, J. C., Cassel, J. C., Tyroler, H. A., Heyden, S., and Hames, C. G. (1975). Influence of race, sex, and weight on blood pressure behavior in young adults.Am. J. Cardiol. 35: 523–530.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. L., Taylor, D. W., Sackett, D. L., Dunnett, C. W., and Shimizu, A. G. (1977). Self-blood pressure recording — An aid to blood control?Ann. Roy. Coll. Phys. Surg. Can. 10: 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, B. H., Cassel, J. C., and Gore, S. (1977). Social support and health.Med. Care 15 (No. 5, Suppl.): 47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasl, S. V. (1975). Issues in patient adherence to health care regimens.J. Hum. Stress 1: 5–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasl, S. V., and Cobb, S. (1966). Health behavior, illness behavior, and sick role behavior.Arch. Environ. Health 12: 246–266, 531–541.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kegeles, S. S., Kirscht, J. P., Haefner, D. P., and Rosenstock, I. M. (1965). Survey of beliefs about cancer detection and taking Papanicolau tests.Pub. Health Rep. 80: 815–823.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khoury, S. A. (1973). Screening for hypertension in Washington, D.C., 1971.Health Serv. Rep. 88: 824–826.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilcoyne, M. M. (1975). Adolescent hypertension.Am. J. Med. 58: 735–739.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilcoyne, M. M., Richter, R. W., and Alsup, P. A. (1974). Adolescent hypertension. I. Detection and prevalence.Circulation 50: 758–764.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirscht, J. P. (1974). Research related to the modification of health beliefs.Health Educ. Monogr. 2: 455–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirscht, J. P., Haefner, D. P., and Eveland, J. D. (1975). Public responses to various written appeals to participate in health screening.Pub. Health. Rep. 90: 539–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochar, M. S., Panagis, C., and Itskowitz, H. D. (1978). Role of screening and education in hypertension control.Prev. Med. 7: 98 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, S. (1976). Practical aspects of hypertension and stroke control in a rural population. In Hatano, S., Shigematsu, I., and Strasser, T. (eds.),Hypertension and Stroke Control in the Community, WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komachi, Y. (1976). The participation of physicians and patients in the control of hypertension and stroke in populations. In Hatano, S., Shigematsu, I., and Strasser, T. (eds.),Hypertension and Stroke Control in the Community, WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotchen, J. M., Kochen, T. A., Humphrey, R., Lambertson, L., Westerfield, B., and Wheeler, D. (1976). Hypertension detection and control in a rural white Kentucky community.Am. J. Pub. Health 66: 79–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, G. M., (1974). A rural hypertension-control program.Am. J. Nurs. 74: 1450–1452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1965). Fear communications in the acceptance of preventive health practices.Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 41: 1144–1168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, H. (1968). Experimental studies of anti-smoking communications. In Borgatta, E. F., and Evans, R. R. (eds.),Smoking, Health, and Behavior, Aldine, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, L. S., Katz, A. H., and Holst, E. (1976).Self-Care: Lay Initiatives in Health, Prodist, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, G. N. (1962). Anxiety about illness: Psychological and social bases.J. Health Hum. Behav. 3: 30–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell, R. H., and Prineas, R. J. (1974). Differences in blood pressure measurement and prevalence of hypertension between Australian-born and Italian-born middle-aged men and women in Melbourne.Med. J. Aust. 2: 893–898.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maccoby, N., Farquhar, J. W., Wood, P. D., and Alexander, J. (1977). Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease: Effects of a community-based campaign on knowledge and behavior.J. Commun. Health 3: 100–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, G. L., Anderson, C. F., and Bogdonoff, M. D. (1966). Overweight as a problem of medical management in a public outpatient clinic.Am. J. Med. Sci. 252: 394–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marston, M.-V. (1970). Compliance with medical regimens: A review of the literature.Nurs. Res. 19: 312–323.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marston, M.-V. (1978). Compliance with anti-hypertensive drug therapy; Discussion.Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 304: 404–409.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, J. L. (1973).An Analysis of a Cardiac Risk Factor Screening Program, Unpublished MPH Essay, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenney, J. M., Slining, J. M., Henderson, H. R., Devins, D., and Barr, M. (1973). The effect of clinical pharmacy services on patients with essential hypertension.Circulation 48: 1104–1111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, F. G., Cole, P. A., and Ryan, J. R. (1973). A study of hypertension in the inner city.Am. Heart J. 85: 65–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mechanic, D. (1962). The concept of illness behavior.J. Chron. Dis. 15: 189–194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miall, W. E., and Chinn, S. (1974). Screening for hypertension: Some epidemiological observations.Br. Med. J. 3: 595–600.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monteiro, L. A. (1973). Expense is no object...: Income and physician visits reconsidered.J. Health. Soc. Behav. 14: 99–115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, L. J., Fairweather, G. W., and Morton, R. B. (1956). Some determinants of successful and unsuccessful adaptation to hospital treatment of tuberculosis.J. Consult. Psychol. 20: 125–131.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mossey, J. (1976). Psycho-social consequences of blood pressure intervention: Results after 6 months of treatment. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Epidemiological Research, Toronto.

  • NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) (1960).Cooperation in Health Examination Surveys, PHS Series D, No. 2, Washington, D.C.

  • NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) (1961).Attitudes Toward Cooperation in a Health Examination Survey, PHS Series D, No. 6, Washington, D.C.

  • NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) (1964a).Blood Pressure of Adults by Age and Sex, U.S. 1960–1962, PHS Publication No. 1000, Series 11, No. 4, Washington, D.C.

  • NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) (1964b).Blood Pressure of Adults by Race and Area U.S., 1960–1962, PHS Publication No. 1000, Series 11, No. 5, Washington, D.C.

  • NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) (1975).Physician Visits: Volume and Interval Since Last Visit, U.S.-1971, DHEW Publication No. (HRA) 75-1524, Series 10, No. 97, Washington, D.C.

  • Naguib, S. M., Geiser, P. B., and Comstock, G. W. (1968). Response to a program of screening for cervical cancer.Pub. Health Rep. 83: 990–998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, R. L., Schwartz, J. L., and Simonian, K. (1967). Social class differences in utilization of pediatric services in a prepaid direct service medical care program.Am. J. Pub. Health 57: 34–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, T. W., Syme, S. L., Feldman, R., Friedman, G. D., Siegelaub, A. B., and Collen, M. F. (1973). Social factors in newly discovered elevated blood pressure.J. Health Soc. Behav. 14: 198–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ostfeld, A. M., and D'Atri, D. (1975). The case for treating hypertension and the Connecticut High Blood Pressure Program.Conn. Med. 39: 306–308.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T. (1958). Definitions of health and illness in the light of American values and social structure. In Jaco, E. G. (ed.),Patients, Physicians, and Illness, Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Podell, R. N. (1975).Physician's Guide to Compliance in Hypertension, Merck and Co., Rahway, N.J.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prineas, R. J., Stephens, W. B., and Lovell, R. R. H. (1973). Blood pressure and its treatment in a community: The Albury blood pressure study.Med. J. Aust. Special Suppl. 2: 3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichman, L. B., Cooper, B. M., Blumenthal, S., Block, G., O'Hare, D., Chaves, A. D., Alderman, M. H., Deming, Q. B., Farber, S. J., and Thomson, G. E. (1975). Hypertension testing among high school students. I. Surveillance procedures and results.J. Chron. Dis. 28: 161–171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richard, J. (1976). Epidemiology of hypertension and stroke in Europe and the Mediterranean countries. In Hatano, S., Shigematsu, I., and Strasser, T. (eds.),Hypertension and Stroke Control in the Community, WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rorabaugh, M. E., and Guthrie, G. (1953). The personality characteristics of tuberculosis patients who leave the tuberculosis hospital against medical advice.Am. Rev. Tuberc. 67: 432–439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenstock, I. M., Haefner, D. P., Kegeles, S. S., and Kirscht, J. P. (1964). A national study of health attitudes. Presented at the 92nd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, New York.

  • Sackett, D. L. (1974). Screening for disease: Cardiovascular diseases.Lancet 2: 1189–1191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sackett, D. L., and Haynes, R. B. (eds.) (1976).Compliance with Therapeutic Regimen, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sackett, D. L., Haynes, R. B., Gibson, E. S., Hackett, B. C., Taylor, D. W., Roberts, R. S., and Johnson, A. L. (1975). Randomized clinical trial of strategies for improving medication compliance in primary hypertension.Lancet 1: 1205–1207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenberger, J. A., Stamler, J., Shekelle, R. B., and Shekelle, S. (1972). Current status of hypertension control in an industrial population.JAMA 222: 559–562.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, N. W., and Sparer, P. J. (1956). Recidivism: The problem of self-discharge among hospitalized tuberculosis patients. In Sparer, P. J. (ed.),Personality, Stress, and Tuberculosis, International Universities Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverberg, D. S., Smith, E. S. O., Juchli, B., and Van Dorsser, E. (1974). Use of shopping centers in screening for hypertension.Can. Med. Assoc. J. 111: 769–774.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverberg, D. S., Van Nostrand, C., Juchli, B., Smith, E. S. O., and Van Dorsser, E. (1975). Screening for hypertension in a high school population.Can. Med. Assoc. J. 113: 103–108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L., Jr., and Kane, R. (1970). Health knowledge and symptom perception.Soc. Sci. Med. 4: 557–567.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, S. M., Lawrie, T., Neill, P., and Kelley, C. (1977). Motivational interventions in community hypertension screening.Am. J. Pub. Health 67: 345–352.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stamler, J. (1973). High blood pressure in the United States. An overview of the problem and the challenge. InNational Conference on High Blood Pressure Education — Report of Proceedings, HEW Publication No. (NIH) 73-486, Washington, D.C.

  • Stamler, J., Schoenberger, J. A., Lindberg, H. A., Shekelle, R., Stokes, J. M., Epstein, M. B., deBoer, L., Stamler, R., Restiio, R., Gray, D., and Cain, W. (1969). Detection of susceptibility to coronary disease.Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 45: 1306–1325.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stamler, J., Stamler, R., Riedlinger, W. F., Algera, G., and Roberts, R. H. (1976). Hypertension screening of 1 million Americans. Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic (CHEC) Program, 1973 through 1975.JAMA 235: 2299–2306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, M. P., Farquhar, J. W., Maccoby, N., and Russell, S. H. (1976). Results of a two year heatlh education campaign on dieting behavior.Circulation 54: 825–833.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stine, O. C., Chuaqui, C., Jimenez, C., and Oppel, W. C. (1968). Broken appointments at a comprehensive clinic for children.Med Care 6: 332–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suchman, E. A. (1965a) Social patterns of illness and medical care.J. Health Hum. Behav. 6: 2–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suchman, E. A. (1965b). Stages of illness and medical care.J. Health Hum. Behav. 6: 114–128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sussman, M. B., Caplan, E. K., Hang, M. R., and Stern, M. R. (1967).The Walking Patient: A Study in Outpatient Care, The Press of Western Reserve University, Cleveland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syme, S. L. (1978). Drug treatment of mild hypertension: Social and psychological considerations.Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 304: 99–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliacozzo, D. M., Ima, K., and Lashof, J. C. (1973). Influencing the chronically ill: The role of prescriptions in premature terminations of outpatient care.Med. Care 11: 21–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliacozzo, D. M., Luskin, D. B., Lashof, J. C., and Ima, K. (1974). Nurse intervention and patient behavior: An experimental study.Am. J. Pub. Health 64: 596–603.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takala, J. (1978). Screening for hypertension in a middle-aged population in southwest Finland.Prev. Med. 7: 230–244.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Task Force Report (1976). Health Promotion and Consumer Education. InPreventive Medicine, USA, Task force reports sponsored by the John E. Fogarty International Center for Advanced study in The Health Sciences, NIH, and the American College of Preventive Medicine, Prodist, New York.

  • Taylor, D. W., Sackett, D. L., Haynes, R. B., Johnson, A. L., Gibson, E. S., and Roberts, R. S. (1978). Compliance with antihypertensive drug therapy.Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 304: 390–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dyke, K., and Smith, E. (1974). Expansion of hypertension management — The Chicago Heart Association Program.Proc. Inst. Med. Chicago 30: 65–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verdesca, A. S. (1974). Hypertension screening and follow-up.J. Occup. Med. 16: 395–401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villafana, C., and Mockbee, J. (1971). The value of continued follow-up in a preventive medicine program.Industr. Med. Surg. 40(4): 11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vuori, H., Rimpela, M., and Gronroos, M. (1972). Cytological screening programs: The problem of non-participation.Int. J. Health. Educ. 15: 22–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, D. R., Jr., Biggs, M., and Ahmad, I. (1974). Hypertensive screening, a community effort.J. Tenn. Med. Assoc. 67: 909–912.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, G. W. (1978). Changing trends in control of hypertension.Pub. Health Rep. 93: 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J., Carroll, C., and Slome, C. (1978). Discontinuance of hypotensive medication in a rural community.Prev. Med. 7: 147 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. A., Stokes, G. S., Moses, M., Bauer, G. E., and Raftos, J. (1973). Hypertension survey in a central city free chest X-ray clinic.Med. J. Aust. 2: 529–533.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welborn, J. F. (1973). Routine screening for hypertension in dental practice. Fundamental discipline of dental education.J. Dent. Educ. 37: 38–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilber, J. A. (1973). The problem of undetected and untreated hypertension in the community.Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 49: 510–520.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilber, J. A., and Barrow, J. G. (1969). Reducing elevated blood pressure.Minn. Med. 52: 1303–1305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilber, J. A., and Barrow, J. C. (1972). Hypertension — a community problem.Am. J. Med. 52: 653–663.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilber, J. H., Millword, D., Baldwin, A., Capron, B., Silverman, D., James, L. M., Wolbert, T., and McCombs, J. (1972). Atlanta community high blood pressure program methods of community hypertension screening.Circ. Res. Suppl. II 30–31: 101–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. T. (1973). Compliance with instructions in the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy.Clin. Pediat. 12: 333–340.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wittkower, E. D., and Russell, A. (1956). Irregular discharge patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. In Sparer, P. J. (eds.),Personality, Stress, and Tuberculosis, International Universities Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wylie, C. M. (1961). Participation in a multiple screening clinic with five year follow-up.Pub. Health Rep. 76: 596–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zola, I. K. (1972). Studying the decision to see a doctor: Review, critique, corrective. In Lipowski, Z. J. (ed.),Psychosocial Aspects of Physical Illness, Vol. 8: Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine, Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zola, I. K. (1973). Pathways to the doctor — from person to patient.Soc. Sci. Med. 7: 677–689.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zola, I. K. (1975). Medicine as an institution of social control. In Cox, C., and Mead, A. (eds.),A Sociology of Medical Practice, Collier-Macmillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, 06510, New Haven, Connecticut

    Stanislav V. Kasl

Authors
  1. Stanislav V. Kasl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kasl, S.V. A social-psychological perspective on successful community control of high blood pressure: A review. J Behav Med 1, 347–381 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00846693

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00846693

Key words

Search

Navigation