Abstract
The representative quality of fossil diatom assemblages in the recent sediment of a lake is compared with its contemporary diatom flora. In April 1986 experimental liming of the catchment of a small acidified lake, Loch Fleet (Galloway, U.K.), produced immediate changes in water quality. Lakewater pH rose from a mean of approximately 4.5 to 6.5, and in the two year period following liming a consistently higher pH was maintained. The marked response of diatom species to changing water quality provided a means of tracing events from living communities to the fossil assemblages. Diatom periphyton and plankton were sampled during a 20 month period and archived material was used to characterise earlier diatom communities. A comparison is made between living diatom communities and diatom assemblages collected by sediment traps and from sediment cores taken during the same period.
Following liming, the diatom communities were found to respond within days or weeks to the changes in water quality. There is an initial change from acidobiontic communities, dominated byTabellaria quadriseptata, to dominance by the acidophilous speciesEunotia incisa andPeronia fibula. However, in the epipsammic community the acidobiontic speciesTabellaria binalis fo.elliptica remains abundant after liming. Approximately one year after liming the abundances of species such asAchnanthes minutissima andBrachysira vitrea increase in the epilithon, epiphyton and epibryon, whilst in the epipsammonT. binalis fo.elliptica is replaced by smallEunotia spp. andAchnanthes altaica. During the latter part of 1987 and in 1988, despite a stable pH, fluctuating patterns of species abundances are seen in the epilithon, epiphyton and epibryon whilst the species composition of the epipsammon remains relatively stable. Spring blooms of the planktonic speciesSynedra acus andAsterionella formosa occur during 1988 and 1989 respectively.
Sediment trapping, which began in April 1987, records shifts in species composition corresponding with those seen in the epilithon, epiphyton and epibryon and with the blooms of planktonic species. The signal from the smaller, and probably less easily transportable, epipsammic community is not so clearly discernible. Although the fundamental record of the sediment traps is one from living diatom communities, the appearance of taxa ‘extinct’ during the post-liming period reflects a low, but significant level of sediment resuspension.
In contrast to the rapid response of living communities and their record in sediment traps, sediment cores do not begin to reflect changes in diatom composition until about 14 months after the initial liming. The first appearance of circumneutral taxa in significant abundance occurs only approximately 17 months after liming. The delayed reaction of sediment assemblages cannot be attributed principally to a slow rate of transport from the littoral to the profundal zone. Time-averaging processes within the sediment appear to be the main cause of the lag in core response. In contrast, blooms of planktonic species are quickly reflected in the stratigraphy of cores, but indicate that a considerable degree of downward mixing occurs. Comparison of the time trajectories of whole species assemblages in living communities, sediment traps and core surface sediments shows that the direction of change is similar in all three, but that the magnitude of change is attenuated in sediment assemblages.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allison, P. A. & D. E. G. Briggs, (eds.), 1991. Taphonomy: releasing the data locked in the fossil record. Plenum Press, New York, 560 pp.
Anderson, N. J., 1986. Diatom biostratigraphy and comparative core correlation within a small lake basin. In H. Löffler & J. Bobeck (eds.), Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on palaeolimnology. Junk, Dordrecht: 105–112.
Anderson, N. J., 1990. Variability of sediment diatom assemblages in an upland, wind-stressed lake (Loch Fleet, Galloway, SW Scotland). J. Paleolimnol. 4: 43–59.
Anderson, N. J. & R. W. Battarbee, 1985. Loch Fleet: bathymetry and sediment distribution. Working paper no. 10, Palaeoecology Research Unit, Department of Geography, University College London, 18 pp.
Anderson, N. J., R. W. Battarbee, P. G. Appleby, A. C. Stevenson, F. Oldfield, J. Darley & G. Glover, 1986. Palaeolimnological evidence for the acidification of Loch Fleet. Working paper no. 17, Palaeoecology Research Unit, Department of Geography, University College London, 70 pp.
Barker, P., 1992. Differential diatom dissolution in Late-Quaternary sediments from Lake Manyara, Tanzania: an experimental approach. J. Paleolimnol. 7:235–251.
Battarbee, R. W., 1978. Observations on the recent history of Lough Neagh and its drainage basin. Phil. Trans. r. Soc. Lond. B 281: 303–345.
Battarbee, R. W., 1979. Early algological records: help or hindrance to palaeolimnology? Nova Hedwigia 64: 379–393.
Battarbee, R. W., 1981a. Changes in the diatom microflora of a eutrophic lake since 1900 from a comparison of old algal samples and the sedimentary record. Holarct. Ecol. 4: 73–81.
Battarbee, R. W., 1981b. Diatom and Chrysophyceae microstratigraphy of the annually laminated sediments of a small meromictic lake. Striae 14: 104–109.
Battarbee, R. W., 1984. Diatom analysis and the acidification of lakes. Phil. Trans. r. Soc. Lond. B 305: 451–477.
Battarbee, R. W., 1986. Diatom analysis. In B. E. Berglund (ed.), Handbook of Holocene palaeoecology and palaeohydrology. John Wiley, Chichester: 527–570.
Battarbee, R. W., 1992. Recent paleolimnology and diatom-based environmental reconstruction. In L. C. K. Shane & E. J. Cushing (eds.), Quaternary Landscapes. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis: 129–174.
Battarbee, R. W. & M. J. Kneen, 1982. The use of electronically counted microspheres in absolute diatom analysis. Limnol. Oceanogr. 27: 184–188.
Battarbee, R. W., N. J. Anderson, P. G. Appleby, R. J. Flower, S. C. Fritz, E. Y. Haworth, S. Higgitt, V. J. Jones, A. M. Kreiser, M. A. R. Munro, J. Natkanski, F. Oldfield, S. T. Patrick, N. G. Richardson, B. Rippey & A. C. Stevenson, 1988. Lake acidification in the United Kingdom 1800–1986. Ensis Publishing, London, 68 pp.
Behrensmeyer, A. K. & S. M. Kidwell, 1985. Taphonomy's contributions to palaeobiology. Paleobiol. 11: 105–119.
Beyens, L. & L. Denys, 1982. Problems of diatom analysis of deposits: allochthonous valves and fragmentation. Geol. Mijnbouw 61: 159–163.
Birks, H. J. B., J. M. Line, S. Juggins, A. C. Stevenson & C. J. F. ter Braak, 1990. Diatoms and pH reconstruction. Phil. Trans. r. Soc. Lond. B. 327: 263–278.
Bloesch, J. & N. M. Burns, 1980. A critical review of sedimentation trap technique. Schweiz. Z. Hydrobiol. 42: 15–54.
Blomqvist, S. & L. Håkanson, 1981. A review on sediment traps in aquatic environments. Arch. Hydrobiol. 91: 101–132.
Bradbury, J. P., 1975. Diatom stratigraphy and human settlement in Minnesota. Geol. Soc. Am. Special Paper 171.
Briggs, D. E. G. & P. R. Crowther, 1990. Palaeobiology: a synthesis. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 583 pp.
Camburn, K. E. & J. C. Kingston, 1986. The genusMelosira from soft-water lakes with special reference to Northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. In J. P. Smol, R. W. Battarbee, R. B. Davis & J. Meriläinen (eds.), Diatoms and lake acidity. Junk, Dordrecht: 17–34.
Camburn, K. E., J. C. Kingston & D. F. Charles, 1986. PIRLA DIATOM ICONOGRAPH. Report No. 3. PIRLA unpublished report series, Bloomington, IN. (53 photographic plates, 1059 figures).
Cameron, N. G., 1990. Representation of diatom communities by fossil assemblages in Loch Fleet, Galloway, Scotland. Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 291 pp.
Carter, J. & A. E. Bailey-Watts, 1981. A taxonomic study of diatoms from standing freshwaters in Shetland. Nova Hedwigia 31: 605–629.
Charles, D. F., 1985. Relationships between surface sediment diatom assemblages and lakewater characteristics in Adirondack lakes. Ecology 66: 994–1011.
Charles, D. F., S. S. Dixit, B. F. Cumming & J. P. Smol, 1991. Variability in diatom and chrysophyte assemblages and inferred pH: paleolimnological studies of Big Moose Lake, New York, USA. J. Paleolim. 5: 267–284.
Cleve-Euler, A., 1951–1955. Die Diatomeen von Sweden und Finnland. Kungl. Svenska Vetensk. Handl. Ser. 4, 2(1), 3–163; 3(3) 3–153; 4(1) 3–158; 4(5) 3–255; 5(4) 3–231.
Davis, R. B., 1987. Paleolimnological diatom studies of acidification of lakes by acid rain: an application of Quaternary science. Quat. Sci. Rev. 6: 147–163.
DeNicola, D. M., 1986. The representation of living diatom communities in deep-water sedimentary diatom assemblages in two Maine (USA) lakes. In J. P. Smol, R. W. Battarbee, R. B. Davis & J. Meriläinen (eds.), Diatoms and lake acidity. Junk, Dordrecht: 73–85.
Donovan, S. K., 1991. The processes of fossilization. Belhaven Press, London, 303 pp.
Eaton, J. W. & B. Moss, 1966. The estimation of numbers and pigment content in epipelic algal populations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 11: 584–595.
Edmunds, W. M., N. S. Robins & J. M. Cook, 1986. Groundwater contribution to the Loch Fleet catchment. In G. Howells (ed.) The Loch Fleet project: a report of the pre-intervention phase 1984–1986, Annex A.7. Central Electricity Generating Board, Leatherhead.
Efremov, J. A., 1940. Taphonomy: new branch of paleontology. Pan American Geologist 74: 81–93.
Faegri, K., 1966. Some problems of representativity in pollen analysis. Palaeobotanist 15: 135–140.
Flower, R. J., 1985. An improved epilithon sampler and its evaluation in two acid lakes. Br. Phycol. J. 20: 109–115.
Flower, R. J., 1986a. The relationship between surface sediment diatom assemblages and pH in 33 Galloway lakes: some regression models for reconstructing pH and their application to sediment cores. In H. Löffler & J. Bobeck (eds.), Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on palaeolimnology. Junk, Dordrecht: 93–103.
Flower, R. J., 1986b. An evaluation of some early diatom material and chemical data from Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland. Diat. Res. 1: 19–26.
Flower, R. J., 1993. Diatom preservation: experiments and observations on dissolution and breakage in modern and fossil material. Hydrobiologia 269/270: 473–484.
Flower, R. J. & R. W. Battarbee, 1985. The morphology ofTabellaria quadriseptata (Bacillariophyceae) in acid waters and lake sediments in Galloway, Southwest Scotland. Br. Phycol. J. 20: 69–79.
Flower, R. J., R. W. Battarbee & P. G. Appleby, 1987. The recent palaeolimnology of acid lakes in Galloway, south-west Scotland: diatom analysis, pH trends and the role of afforestation. J. Ecol. 75: 797–824.
Flower, R. J. & A. Nicholson, 1987. Relationships between bathymetry, water quality and diatoms in some Hebridean freshwater lochs. Freshwat. Biol. 18: 71–85.
Foged, N., 1974. Freshwater diatoms in Iceland. Biblio. Phycol. 15: 1–118.
Foged, N., 1977. Freshwater diatoms in Ireland. Biblio. Phycol. 34: 1–222.
Foged, N., 1980. Diatoms in Öland, Sweden. Biblio. Phycol. 49: 1–192.
Foged, N., 1982. Diatoms in Bornholm, Denmark. Biblio. Phycol. 59: 1–174.
Fritz, S. C., 1990. Twentieth-century salinity and water-level fluctuations in Devils Lake, North Dakota: Test of a diatom-based transfer function. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 1771–1781.
Fritz, S. C., S. Juggins, R. W. Battarbee & D. R. Engstrom, 1991. Reconstruction of past changes in salinity and climate using a diatom-based transfer function. Nature 352: 706–708.
Gardiner, C. I. & S. H. Reynolds, 1932. The Loch Doon ‘Granite’ area, Galloway. Quat. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 88: 1–34.
Gasse, F., 1974. Les Diatomées des Sediments Holocènes du Bassin du Lac Afrera (Guilietti) (Afar Septentrional, Ethiopie), Essai de Reconstitution de l'Evolution du Milieu. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 59: 95–122.
Germain, H., 1981. Flora des diatomées eaux douce et saumatres. Société Nouvelle des éditions Boubée, Paris, 444 pp.
Gifford, D. P., 1981. Taphonomy and paleoecology: a critical review of archaeology's sister disciplines. In M. B. Schiffer (ed.), Advances in archaeological method and theory, vol. 4, Academic Press: New York: 365–438.
Greig, D. C., 1971. British regional geology: the south of Scotland. H.M.S.O., Edinburgh, 125 pp.
Haberyan, K. A., 1990. The misinterpretation of the planktonic diatom assemblage in traps and sediments: southern Lake Malawi, Africa. J. Paleolimnol. 3: 35–44.
Hall, R. I. & J. P. Smol, 1992. A weighted-averaging regression and calibration model for inferring total phosphorus concentration from diatoms in British Columbia (Canada) lakes. Freshwat. Biol. 27: 417–434.
Hartley, B., 1986. A check-list of the freshwater, brackish and marine diatoms of the British Isles and adjoining coastal waters. J. mar. biol. Assoc. U.K. 66: 531–610.
Haworth, E. Y., 1969. The diatoms of a sediment core from Blea Tarn, Langdale. J. Ecol. 57: 429–441.
Haworth, E. Y., 1979. The distribution of a species ofStephanodiscus in the recent sediments of Blelham Tarn, English Lake District. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 64: 395–410.
Haworth, E. Y., 1980. Comparison of continuous phytoplankton records with the diatom stratigraphy in the recent sediments of Blelham Tarn, English Lake District. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25: 1093–1103.
Hill, M. O., 1979. TWINSPAN: a FORTRAN programme for arranging multivariate data in an ordered two-way table by the classification of the individuals attributes. Ecology and Systematics Series. Cornell University, Ithaca.
Howells, G., 1986. The Loch Fleet Project: a report of the preintervention phase (1) 1984–1986. Central Electricity Generating Board, Leatherhead, 74 pp.
Howells, 1989. The Loch Fleet Project: a report of the invention phase (2) 1986–1989. Central Electricity Generating Board, Leatherhead, 102 pp.
Howells, G. & D. J. A. Brown, 1987. The Loch Fleet Project, S.W. Scotland. Trans r. Soc. Edinb. Earth Sci. 78: 241–248.
Hudson, C., J. S. Robertson, C. G. B. Campbell, D. J. Henderson, K. W. M. Brown, L. Robertson & B. F. L. Smith, 1986. Soils and vegetation of the Loch Fleet catchment. In G. Howells (ed.), The Loch Fleet project: a report of the pre-intervention phase 1984–1986, Annex A.1. Central Electricity Generating Board, Leatherhead.
Hustedt, F., 1927–1966. Die kieselalgen Deutschlands, Osterreichs und der Schweiz unter berucksichtgung der ubrigen lander Europas sowie der angrenzenden meeresgebiete. In L. Rabenhorst's kryptogamen-flora Deutschland, Osterreich und der Schweiz, Volume 1 (1927–30), 2 (1931–59), 3 (1961–1966). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig.
Hustedt, F., 1930. Bacillariophyta (Diatomeae). In A. Pascher (ed.), Die süsswasser flora Mitteleuropas, Gustav Fisher, Jena.
Jones, V. J. & R. J. Flower, 1986. Spatial and temporal variability in periphytic diatom communities: palaeoecological significance in an acidified lake. In J. P. Smol, R. W. Battarbee, R. B. Davis & J. Meriläinen, Diatoms and lake acidity. Junk, Dordrecht: 73–85.
Kajak, Z., 1966. Field experiment in studies on benthos density of some Mazurian lakes. Geswäss, Abwäss. 41/42: 150–158.
Kidwell, S. M. & A. K. Behrensmeyer, 1988. Overview: ecological and evolutionary implications of taphonomic processes. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 63: 1–13.
Koch, C. P., 1989. Taphonomy: a bibliographic guide to the literature. University of Maine, 67 pp.
Kosugi, M., 1989. Processes of formation on fossil diatom assemblages and the paleoecological analysis. Benthos Research 35/36: 17–28.
Krammer, K. & H. Lange-Bertalot, 1986. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa: Bacillariophyceae. 1. Teil: Naviculaceae. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, 876 pp.
Krammer, K. & H. Lange-Bertalot, 1988. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa: Bacillariophyceae. 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, 596 pp.
Kreiser, A. & R. W. Battarbee, 1987. Analytical quality control (AQC) in diatom analysis. Proceedings of Nordic Diatomist Meeting, University of Stockholm, Department of Quaternary Research, Report No. 12: 41–44.
Lawrence, D. R., 1968. Taphonomy and information losses in fossil communities. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 79: 1315–1330.
Livingstone, D. & R. S. Cambray, 1978. Confirmation of137Cs dating by algal stratigraphy in Rostherne Mere. Nature 276: 259–261.
Lund, J. W. G., C. Kipling & E. D. LeCren, 1958. The inverted microscope method of estimating algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimations by counting. Hydrobiologia 11: 143–170.
MacKay, A. & R. J. Flower, 1993. Recent environmental change in Lake Baikal, Eastern Siberia: with special reference to the sedimentary diatom record. Environmental Change Research Centre Research Report No. 1, University College London, 49 pp.
Miller, A. I., 1988. Spatial resolution in subfossil molluscan remains: implications for palaeobiological analyses. Paleobiology 14: 91–103.
Morris, R. & J. P. Reader, 1990. The effects of controlled chemical episodes on the survival, sodium balance and respiration of brown trout,Salmo trutta L. In B. J. Mason (ed.), The surface waters acidification programme. Cambridge University Press: 357–368.
Munro, M. A. R., A. M. Kreiser, R. W. Battarbee, S. Juggins, A. C. Stevenson, D. S. Anderson, N. J. Anderson, F. Berge, H. J. B. Birks, R. B. Davis, R. J. Flower, S. C. Fritz, E. Y. Haworth, V. J. Jones, JC. Kingston & I. Renberg, 1990. Diatom quality control and data handling. Phil. Trans. r. Soc. Lond. B 327: 257–261.
Murray, J. W., 1982. Benthic foraminifera: the validity of living, dead or total assemblages for the interpretation of palaeoecology. J. Micropalaeontol. 1: 137–140.
Olsen, E. C., 1980. Taphonomy: its history and role in community evolution. In A. K. Behrensmeyer & A. P. Hill (eds.), Fossils in the making: vertebrate taphonomy and paleoecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago: 5–19.
Patrick, R & C. Reimer, 1966. The diatoms of the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. I: Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monograph 13, 688 pp.
Patrick, R & C. Reimer, 1975. The diatoms of the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. II: Part I. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monograph 13, 613 pp.
Renberg, I., 1976. Palaeolimnological investigations in Lake Prästsjön. Early Norrland 9: 113–160.
Round, F. E., 1957. The late-glacial and post-glacial diatom succession in the Kentmere Valley deposit. I. Introduction, methods and flora. New Phytol. 56: 98–126.
Round, F. E., 1961. Diatoms from Esthwaite. New Phytol. 60: 43–59.
Round, F. E., 1964. The diatom sequence in lake deposits: some problems of interpretation. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 15: 1012–1020.
Round, F. E., 1965. The epipsammon: a relatively unknown algal association. Br. Phycol. Bull. 2: 456–462.
Ryves, D. B., 1994. Diatom dissolution in saline lake sediments: an experimental study from the Great Plains of North America. Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 290 pp.
Sancetta, C., 1989. Processes controlling the accumulation of diatoms in sediments: a model derived from British Columbian Fjords. Paleoceanography 4: 235–251.
Sancetta, C. & S. E. Calvert, 1988. The annual cycle of sedimentation in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia: implications for the interpretation of diatom fossil assemblages. Deep-Sea Research 35: 71–90.
Sherrod, B. L., H. B. Rollins & S. K. Kennedy, 1989. Subrecent intertidal diatoms from St. Catherines Island, Georgia: taphonomic implications. J. Coastal Res. 5: 665–677.
Shipman, P. L., 1981. Life history of a fossil. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 222 pp.
Simola, H., 1977. Diatom succession in the formation of annually laminated sediment in Lovojärvi, a small eutrophicated lake. Ann. Bot. Fennici 14: 143–148.
Simola, H., 1979. Micro-stratigraphy of sediment laminations deposited in a chemically stratifying eutrophic lake during the years 1913–1976. Holarct. Ecol. 2: 160–168.
Smith, M. A., 1990. The ecophysiology of epilithic diatom communities of acid lakes in Galloway, southwest Scotland. Phil. Trans. r. Soc. Lond. B 327: 251–256.
Smith, R. K., 1987. Fossilization potential in modern shallow-water benthic foraminiferal assemblages. J. Foram. Res. 17: 117–122.
Staff, G. M., R. J. Stanton, E. N. Powell & H. Cummins, 1986. Time-averaging, taphonomy, and their impact on paleocommunity reconstruction: death assemblages in Texas bays. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 97: 428–443.
Stanton, R. J., 1976. The relationship of fossil communities to the original communities of living organisms. In R. W. Scott & R. R. West (eds.), Structure and classification of palaeocommunities. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsberg, Pennsylvania: 107–142.
Stevenson, A. C., H. J. B. Birks, R. J. Flower & R. W. Battarbee 1989. Diatom-based pH reconstruction of lake acidification using canonical correspondence analysis. Ambio 18: 228–233.
Stevenson, A. C., S. Juggins, H. J. B. Birks, D. S. Anderson, N. J. Anderson, R. W. Battarbee, F. Berge, R. B. Davis, R. J. Flower, E. Y. Haworth, V. J. Jones, J. C. Kingston, A. M. Kreiser, J. M. Line, M. A. R. Munro, I. Renberg, 1991, The Surface Waters Acidification Project Palaeolimnology Programme: Modern Diatom/Lake-Water Chemistry Data-Set. Ensis Publishing, London, 86 pp.
Sweets, R. P., 1983. Differential deposition of diatom frustules in Jellison Hill Pond, Maine. M.Sc. thesis, University of Maine, 270 pp.
Ter Braak, C. J. F., 1987, CANOCO - a FORTRAN program for canonical community ordination by [partial] [detrended] [canonical] correspondance analysis, principle components analysis and redundancy analysis (version 2.1). TNO Institute of Applied Computer Science, Wageningen.
Warme, J. E., 1969. Live and dead molluscs in a coastal lagoon. J. Paleontol. 43: 141–150.
Wetzel, R. G. & G. E. Likens, 1979. Limnological analyses. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 357 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cameron, N.G. The representation of diatom communities by fossil assemblages in a small acid lake. J Paleolimnol 14, 185–223 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00735481
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00735481