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A study of the performance of a land surface process model (LSPM)

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Abstract

In this paper, a reliable Land-Surface Process Model (LSPM), which is a new version of the LPM of Ji and Hu (1989), is described. The LSPM has been validated with experimental data measured at two stations in the Po Valley (Northern Italy).

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Abbreviations

b :

soil parameter

C 1c :

dimensional parameter forr b (s0.5 m−1)

c D :

drag coefficient

c n :

cloudiness index

c p :

specific heat (J kg−1 K−1)

C s :

soil thermal capacity (J m−3 K−1)

d :

zero plane displacement (m)

D 0 :

characteristic dimension of leaves (m)

D c :

drainage rate of vegetation for water (m s−1)

d i :

level depth into soil (i=1,2...) (m)

d r :

root layer depth (m)

D η :

term of soil capillarity (m s−1)

E :

evaporation flux (generic) (kg m−2 s−1)

e a :

vapor pressure into air (Pa)

E tr :

transpiration flux (kg m−2 s−1)

E g :

evaporation flux from bare soil (kg m−2 s−1)

f 1 :

corrective function for air emissivity

f 2 :

Louiset al. function

f 3(R i ):

“haze” function (Equation (27)

f h :

relative humidity of soil first layer

g :

gravity acceleration (m s−2)

G ritrmax:

maximum global radiation (at clear sky) (W m−2)

h :

vegetation height (m)

H :

sensible heat flux (W m−2)

k :

Von Karman constant

k(z) :

thermal conductivity (m2 s−1)

\(K_\eta ,K_{\eta _s }\) :

hydraulic conductivity (saturated) (m2 s−1)

L tc :

leaf area index (m2 m−2)

M c , Mcm :

water interception storage (and its maximum) (m)

m i :

constants for the functionf 2(R i ) (i=1, 2)

m j :

parameters for soil resistance (j=3, 4) (s m−1)

P :

precipitation (m s−1)

p :

pressure (Pa)

Q g :

heat flux into/from soil (W m−2)

q, q s :

specific air humidity (and saturated val.) (kg kg−1)

r :

resistance (s m−1)

\(\Delta r\) :

runoff (m s−1)

r a :

aerodynamic air resistance (s m−1)

r b :

resistance of leaf boundary layer (s m−1)

r c :

vegetation (stomatal) resistance (s m−1)

r d :

resistance soil-atmosphere (s m−1)

R d :

constant of gas (dry air) (J kg−1 K−1)

Ri:

Richardson number

r min :

minimum vegetation resistance (s m−1)

R lw :

longwave radiation flux (W m−2)

R n :

net radiation (W m−2)

r soil :

soil resistance (s m−1)

R sw :

shortwave radiation flux (W m−2)

R max/↓ sw :

maximum diurnal global radiation flux (W m−2)

R w :

specific gas constant for water vapour (J kg−1 K−1)

s :

conductance (m s−1)

T i :

temp. ofith underground layer (i=1, 2,...) (K)

u * :

friction velocity (m s−1)

u ac :

air-canopy wind velocity (m s−1)

u c :

wind velocity in close proximity to foliage (m s−1)

v min :

minimum wind velocity (“haze effect”) (m s−1)

v max :

maximum wind velocity (“haze effect”) (m s−1)

W f :

wetted vegetation fraction (%)

w i :

relative humidity into soil (i=1, 2, ...) (%)

z, z a :

reference level (m)

Z :

zenital angle (deg)

z 0 :

roughness length (m)

α:

albedo

α s :

albedo of soil (humidity dependence)

α smax :

albedo of “dry” soil

α w :

albedo of water

α Z :

albedo of soil (zenital angle dependence)

β:

Bowen ratio

∈:

emissivity

∈α :

emissivity of sky

ζ:

Monin-Obukhov length (m)

η, η s :

volumetric water content (and saturated) (m3 m−3)

η wi :

wilting point (m3 m−3)

λ:

soil heat conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

λυ :

latent heat of vaporization (J kg−1)

ρ:

density (kg m−3)

ρ a :

air density (kg m−3)

ρ s :

soil density (kg m−3)

ρ w :

water density (kg m−3)

σ:

Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W m−2 K−4)

σ c :

vegetation cover (fraction)

Φ:

latitude (deg)

ϕ, ϕ s :

humidity potential (and saturated) (Pa)

“1”, “2”,...:

layers into soil

“a”:

air at reference level

“ac”:

air within the vegetation (or canopy)

“c”:

vegetation (or canopy)

“d”:

downward

“g” (or “s” or “l”):

soil, terrain

“s”:

saturated value

“u”:

upward

“w”:

water

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. World Laboratory, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Claudio Cassardo, Jin Jun II & Arnaldo Longhetto

  2. Institute of General Physics, University of Turin, Italy

    Arnaldo Longhetto

  3. Faculty of Sciences, University of Alessandria, Italy

    Claudio Cassardo

  4. Institute of Cosmo-Geophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy

    Claudio Cassardo & Arnaldo Longhetto

  5. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China

    Jin Jun II

Authors
  1. Claudio Cassardo
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  2. Jin Jun II
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  3. Arnaldo Longhetto
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Cassardo, C., Jun, J. & Longhetto, A. A study of the performance of a land surface process model (LSPM). Boundary-Layer Meteorol 72, 87–121 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00712391

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