Skip to main content
Log in

Assessments of dangerousness: Legal, research, and clinical developments

  • Articles
  • Published:
Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article explores recent groundbreaking court decisions regarding permissible preventive detentions that are based on assessments of dangerousness. It is concluded that courts are increasingly receptive to upholding such preventive actions, and that the research to date has left unresolved important questions regarding the validity of these assessments. Basic principles of risk assessment are also presented and discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418 (1979).

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1974).Clinical aspects of the violent individual. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (1978). Report of the task force on the role of psychology in the criminal justice system.American Psychologist, 33, 1099–1113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appelbaum, P.S., & Gutheil, T.G. (1991).Clinical handbook of psychiatry and the law (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 77 L.Ed. 2d 1090 (1983).

  • Beck, J.C. (1990). Clinical aspects of the duty to warn or protect. In R. Simon (Ed.),Review of clinical psychiatry and the law, Volume 1 (pp. 191–204). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, A.D. (1992). The constitutionality and morality of civilly committing violent sexual predators.Univ. Puget Sound Law Review, 15, 709–754.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cococzza, J.J., & Steadman, H.J. (1978). Prediction in psychiatry: An example of misplaced confidence in experts.Social Problems, 25, 265–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commonwealth v. Rosenberg, 410 Mass. 447, 573 N.E. 2d 949 (1991).

  • Dershowitz, A. (1969, February(. The psychiatrist's power in civil commitment: A knife that cuts both ways.Psychology Today, p. 47.

  • Dix, G.E. (1980). Clinical evaluation of the “dangerousness” of “normal” criminal defendants.Virginia Law Review, 66, 523–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ennis, B.J., & Litwack, T.R. (1974). Psychiatry and the presumption of expertise: Flipping coins in the courtroom.California Law Review, 62, 693–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • foucha v. Louisiana, 463 U. S. 715 (1972).

  • Grisso, T., & Appelbaum, P.S. (1992). Is it unethical to offer predictions of violence?Law and Human Behavior, 16, 621–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grisso, T., & Appelbaum, P.S. (1993). Structuring the debate about ethical predictions of future violence.Law and Human Behavior, 17, 482–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, H.V. (1987).Violence prediction: Guidelines for the forensic practitioner. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • In re Harris, 98 Wash. 2d 276, 654 P. 2d 109 (1982).

  • In re Young, 122 Wash. 2d 1, 857 P. 2d 989 (1993).

  • Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354 (1983).

  • Kozol, H.L., Boucher, R.J., & Garofalo, R.F. (1972). The diagnosis and treatment of dangerousness.Crime and Delinquency, 19, 371–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (1972), vacated on other grounds, 414 U.S. 473 (1974).

  • Lidz, C.W., Mulvey, E.P. & Gardner, W. (1993). The accuracy of predictions of violence to others.Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 1007–1011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litwack, T.R. (1993). On the ethics of dangerousness assessments.Law and Human Behavior, 17, 479–482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litwack, T.R., Kirschner, S.M., & Wack, R.C. (1993). The assessment of dangerousness and predictions of violence: Recent research and future prospects.Psychiatric Quarterly, 64, 245–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litwack, T.R., & Schlesinger, L.B. (1987). Assessing and predicting violence: Research, law, and applications. In I.B. Weiner, & A.K. Hess (Eds.),Handbook of forensic psychology (pp. 205–257). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Megargee, E.I. (1981). Methodological problems in the prediction of violence. In: J.R. Hays, T.K. Roberts, & K.S. Solway (Eds.),Violence and the violent individual (pp. 179–191). New York: Spectrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meloy, J.R. (1987). The prediction of violence in outatient psychotherapy.American Journal of Psychotherapy, XLI, pp. 38–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, J. (1981).Predicting violent behavior: An assessment of clinical techniques. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, J. (1984). The prediction of violent behavior: Toward a second generation of theory and policy.American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, J. (1988). Risk assessment of violence among the mentally disordered: Generating useful knowledge.International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 11, 249–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, J. (1993). Limiting therapist exposure toTarasoff liability.American Psychologist, 48, 242–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, J., & Steadman, H.J. (1994). Toward a rejuvenation of risk assessment research. In J. Monahan & H. Steadman (Eds.),Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulvey, E.P., & Lidz, C.W. (1984). Clinical considerations in the prediction of dangerousness in mental patients.Clinical Psychology Reviews, 4, 379–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulvey, E.P., & Lidz, C.W. (1985). Back to basics: A critical analysis of dangerousness research in a new legal environment.Law and Human Behavior, 9 209–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulvey, E.P., & Lidz, C.W. (1993). Measuring patient violence in dangerousness research.Law and Human Behavior, 17, 277–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563 (1975).

  • Pollack, N., McBain, I., & Webster, C. (1989). Clinical decision making and the assessment of dangerousness. In K. Howells & C.R. Hollen (eds.),Clinical approaches to violence. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, N., & Webster, C. (1990). The clinical assessment of dangerousness. In R. Bluglass & P. Bowden (Eds.),Principles and practice of forensic psychiatry. London: Churchill Livingston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prins, H. (1988). Dangerous clients: Further observations on the limitation of mayhem.British Journal of Social Work, 18, 593–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinsey, V., & Maguire, A. (1986). Maximum security psychiatric patients: Actuarial and clinical predictions of dangerousness.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1, 143–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schall v. Martin, 467 U. S. 253, 81 L. Ed. 2d 207 (1984).

  • Scott, P.D. (1977). Assessing dangerousness in criminals.British Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 127–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer v. Hogue, 594 N.Y.S. 2d 781 (1993).

  • State v. Pryor, 115 Wash. 2d 445, 799 P. 2d 244 (1990).

  • Steadman, H.J., Monahan, J., Appelbaum, P.S., Grisso, T.A., Mulvey, E.P., & Roth, L. (1990). The MacArthur risk assessment study: A project of the MacArthur research network on mental health and the law. Unpublished manuscript.

  • Steadman, H.J., Monahan, J., Appelbaum, P.S., Grisso, T., Mulvey, E.P., Roth, L.H., Robbins, P.C., and Klassen, D. (1994). Designing a new generation of risk assessment research. In J. Monahan & H. Steadman (Eds.),Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States v. Sahhar, 917 F. 2d 1197 (1990), cert. denied, 111 S.Ct. 1591 (1991).

  • United States v. Salerno, 481 U. S. 739 (1987).

  • Wack, R.C. (1993). The ongoing risk assessment in the treatment of forensic patients on conditional release status.Psychiatric Quarterly, 64, 275–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wettstein, R.M. (1984). The prediction of violent behavior and the duty to protect third parties.Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 2, 291–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiest, J. (1981). Treatment of violent offenders.Clinical Social Work Journal, 9, 271–281.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Litwack, T.R. Assessments of dangerousness: Legal, research, and clinical developments. Adm Policy Ment Health 21, 361–377 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00710626

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00710626

Keywords

Navigation