Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cosmic-ray intensity variations in the 3-dimensional heliosphere

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The study of cosmic-ray intensity variations have been carried out with data registered by ground-based and balloon-borne equipment for the past 50 years or more. The International Geophysical Year (IGY) from July 1957 to December 1958 gave an impetus to global collaborations. A world-wide network of concerted measurements became available with the advent of the space age.In situ measurements by satellite-borne detectors led to deep-space exploration. The spacecraft Pioneers and Voyagers, during the past 15 years, traversing farther out into the heliosphere at increasing radial distances from the sun have changed the study of time variations into one of time and spatial variations.

Furthermore, with the Voyager 1, proceeding asymptotically towards heliolatitudes of ∼ 35° north since its encounter with Saturn and the anticipated direction of Voyager 2 after its encounter with Neptune in late-1989 towards ∼48° south heliolatitude, is converting the study into a truly three-dimensional exploration of the heliosphere. Thus, the investigation of galactic cosmic-ray intensity variations fromin situ measurements deep in the heliosphere in distance, latitude, and over solar cycles is indeed a remarkable achievement.

The various cosmic-ray intensity variations over different time-scales, the modulation of the intensity by the evolving solar activity and the role of the electromagnetic state of the interplanetary medium (otherwise called heliosphere) can now be investigated as never before; these studies contribute immensely to our knowledge of the solar neighbourhood. This article essentially deals with the studies of time and spatial variations of cosmic-ray intensity that have been conducted especially over the past two decades.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ables, J. G., McCracken, L. G., and Rao, U. R.: 1965,Proc. 9th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., London 1, 208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. P.: 1973, Ph. D. Thesis, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. P.: 1981,J. Geophys. Res. 86, 10115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. P.: 1983,Space Sci. Rev. 34, 127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. P. and Bercovitch, M.: 1983,Proc. 18th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Bangalore 3, 316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. P. and Singh, R. L.: 1975,Proc. 14th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., München 4, 11293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. P. and Venkatesan, D.: 1981,H. Geophys. Res. 86, 11093.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. P., Ananth, A. G., Bemalkhedkar, M. M., Kargathra, L. V., and Rao, U. R.: 1974,J. Geophys. Res. 79, 2269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. P., Lanzerotti, L. J., and Venkatesan, D.: 1978,Geophys. Res. Letters 5, 5019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. P., Lanzerotti, L. J., Venkatesan, D., and Hansen, R. T.: 1980,J. Geophys. Res. 85, 6845.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. P., Mishra, B. L., Pathak, S. P., Yadav, R. S., Kumar, S., and Badruddin: 1981,Proc. 17th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Paris 4, 119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. P., Pathak, S. P., and Mishra, B. L.: 1983,Proc. 18th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Bangalore 3, 320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahluwalia, H. S.: 1975,Proc. 14th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., München 12, 4207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahluwalia, H. S.: 1976,Proc. Int. Cosmic-Ray Symp. on High Energy Cosmic-Ray Modulation, Tokyo, Japan, p. 260.

  • Ahluwalia, H. S.: 1988,Geophys. Res. Letters 15, 287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahluwalia, H. S. and Riker, J. F.: 1981,Proc. 17th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Paris 10, 230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahluwalia, H. S. and Riker, J. F.: 1985,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akasofu, S.-I.: 1982,Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 20, 117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akasofu, S.-I. and Fry, C. D.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 13679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akasofu, S.-I. and Hakamada, K.: 1983,Geophys. Res. Letters 10, 577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akasofu, S.-I:, Olmsted, C., and Lockwood, J. A.: 1985a,J. Geophys. Res. 90, 4439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akasaofu, S.-I., Fillius, W., Sun, W., Fry, C., and Dryer, M.: 1985b,J. Geophys. Res. 90, 8193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alania, M. V., Aslamazashivili, R. G., Bochorishvili, T. B., Gachechladze, R. G., Despatashvili, M. A., Djapiashvili, T. V., Nachkebia, N. A., and Razmade, T. S.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 4, 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfvén, H.: 1954,Tellus 6, 232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfvén, H.: 1959,Tellus 11, 106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alfvén, H.: 1977,Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 15, 271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ananth, A. G., Agrawal, S. P., and Rao, U. R.: 1974,Pramana 3, 74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonucci, E. and Marocchi, D.: 1976,J. Geophys. Res. 81, 4627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonucci, E., Marocchi, D., and Perona, G. E.: 1978,Astrophys. J. 220, 915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antonucci, E., Attolini, M. R., Cecchini, S., and Galli, M.: 1985,J. Geophys. Res. 90, 7623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axford, W. I.: 1965,Planetary Space Sci. 13, 115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badruddin and Yadav, R. S.: 1985,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 4, 461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badruddin and Yadav, R. S.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 4, 63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badruddin, Yadav, R. S., and Yadav, N. R.: 1983a,Ind. J. Radio Space Phys. 12, 124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badruddin, Yadav, R. S., and Yadav, N. R.: 1983b,Proc. 18th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Bangalore 3, 559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badruddin, Yadav, R. S., Yadav, N. R., and Agrawal, S. P.: 1985a,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badruddin, Yadav, R. S., and Yadav, N. R.: 1985b,Ind. J. Radio Space Phys. 14, 151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badruddin, Yadav, R. S., and Yadav, N. R.: 1985c,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badruddin, Yadav, R. S., and Yadav, N. R.: 1985d,Planetary Space Sci. 33, 191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badruddin, Yadav, R. S., and Yadav, N. R.: 1986,Solar Phys. 105, 413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. C. and Hatton, C. J.: 1971,Planetary Space Sci. 19, 549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnden, L. R.: 1973,Proc. 13th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Denver 2, 1277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barouch, E. and Burlaga, L. F.: 1975,J. Geophys. Res. 80, 449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barouch, E. and Burlaga, L. F.: 1976,J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barouch, E. and Sari, J. W.: 1976,J. Geophys. Res. 81, 1453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bercovitch, M.: 1971,Proc. 12th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Hobart 7, 2658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bieber, J. W. and Pomerantz, M. A.: 1983,Geophys. Res. Letters 10, 920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bieber, J. W. and Pomerantz, M. A.: 1986,Astrophys. J. 303, 843.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bieber, J. W., Evenson, P., and Matthaeus, W. H.: 1987,Geophys. Res. Letters 14, 864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bland, C. J.: 1976,J. Geophys. Res. 81, 1807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borrini, G., Gosling, J. T., Bame, S. J., and Feldman, W. C.: 1982,J. Geophys. Res. 87, 4365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowe, G. A. and Hatton, C. J.: 1982,Solar Phys. 80, 351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F.: 1979,Space Sci. Rev. 23, 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F.: 1983,Proc. 18th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Bangalore 12, 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F.: 1984,Space Sci. Rev. 39, 255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F.: 1988,J. Geophys. Res. 93, 7217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F. and Behannon, K. W.: 1982,Solar Phys. 81, 181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F. and King, J. W.: 1979,J. Geophys. Res. 84, 6634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F., Sittler, E., Mariani, F., and Schwenn, R.: 1981,J. Geophys. Res. 86, 6673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F., Schwenn, R., and Rosenbauer, J. H.: 1983,Geophys. Res. Letters 10, 413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F., McDonald, F. B., Ness, N. F., Schwenn, R., Lazarus, A. J., and Mariani, F.: 1984,J. Geophys. Res. 89, 6579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F., McDonald, F. B., Goldstein, L. L., and Lazarus, A. J.: 1985,J. Geophys. Res. 90, 12027.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F., Goldstein, M. L., McDonald, F. B., Lazarus, A. J., Mariani, F., Neubauer, F. M., and Schwenn, R.: 1986a,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F., McDonald, F. B., and Schwenn, R.: 1986b,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 13331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L. F., Ness, N. F., and McDonald, F. B.: 1987,J. Geophys. Res. 92, 13647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S. and Ferraro, V. C. A.: 1929,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 89, 470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, P. P. and Lee, M. A.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2903.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christon, S. P., Cummings, A. C., Stone, E. C., Behannon, K. W., Burlaga, L. F., Jokipii, J. R., and Kota, J.: 1986a,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2867.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christon, S. P., Stone, E. C., and Hoeksema, J. T.: 1986b,Geophys. Res. Letters 13, 777.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliver, E. W., Mihalov, J. D., Sheeley, N. R. jr., Howard, R. A., Kooman, M. J., and Schwenn, R.: 1987,J. Geophys. Res. 92, 8487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocconi, G., Goldn, T., Griesen, X., Hayakawa, S., and Morrison, J. P.: 1958,Nuovo Cimento 8, 161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, A. C., Stone, E. C., and Webber, W. R.: 1987a,Geophys. Res. Letters 14, 174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, A. C., Stone, E. C., McDonald, F. B., Webber, W. R., and Lal, N.: 1987b,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 3, 417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Decker, R. B., Krimigis, S. M., and Venkatesan, D.: 1984,Astrophys. J. 278, L119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Decker, R. B., Krimigis, S. M., and Venkatesan, D.: 1987,J. Geophys. Res. 92, 3375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Decker, R. B., Gold, R. E., Krimigis, S. M., Lanzerotti, L. J., and Maclennan, C. J.: 1988,EOS Transactions AGU 69, 1362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggal, S. P. and Pomerantz, M. A.: 1977a,J. Geophys. Res. 82, 2170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggal, S. P. and Pomerantz, M. A.: 1977b,Proc. 15th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Plovdiv 3, 215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggal, S. P. and Pomerantz, M. A.: 1978,J. Geophys. Res. 83, 2714.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggal, S. P., Tolba, M. F., Pomerantz, M. A., and Owens, A. J.: 1979,J. Geophys. Res. 84, 6653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggal, S. P., Tsurutani, B. T., Pomerantz, M. A., Tsao, C. H., and Smith, E. J.: 1981,J. Geophys. Res. 86, 7473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggal, S. P., Pomerantz, M. A., Schafer, R. K., and Tsao, C. H.: 1983,J. Geophys. Res. 88, 2973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, H. and Doblear, D. W. H.: 1950,Proc. Phys. Soc. 63, 137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdos, G. and Kota, J.: 1980,Astrophys. Space Sci. 67, 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evenson, P. and Meyer, P.: 1984,J. Geophys. Res. 89, 2647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evenson, P., Caldwell, J., Jordon, S., and Meyer, P.: 1979,J. Geophys. Res. 84, 3561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fillius, W.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 3, 401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fillius, W. and Axford, I.: 1985,J. Geophys. Res. 90, 517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fillius, W., Axford, I., and Wood, D.: 1985a,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fillius, W., Roelof, E. C., Smith, E. J., Wood, D., and Ip, W.-H.: 1985b,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L. A.: 1976,J. Geophys. Res. 81, 4646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L. A.: 1979, in E. N. Parker, (eds.),Solar System Plasmic Physics, C. F. Kennel, and L. J. Lanzerotti North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, Vol.1, 179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisk, L. A.: 1980, in R. O. Pepin, (eds.),Proc. Conf. Ancient Sun, J. A. Eddy, and R. B. Merill, Pergamon Press, New York, p. 103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbush, S. E.: 1938,Phys. Rev. 54, 975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbush, S. E.: 1954;J. Geophys. Res. 59, 525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbush, S. E.: 1969,J. Geophys. Res. 74, 3451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbush, S. E.: 1973,J. Geophys. Res. 78, 7933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, M. A.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 8, 165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, M. A. and Gleeson, L. J.: 1975,Astrophys. Space Sci. 32, 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, M. A., Jones, F. C., and Perko, J. S.: 1985,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 4, 400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, M. A., Jones, F. C., and Perko, J. S.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Munoz, M., Meyer, P., Pyle, K. R., and Simpson, J. A.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2858.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazis, P. R., Mihalov, J. D., and Lazarus, A. J.: 1988,EOS Transactions AGU 69, 1358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girgis, A. H., Tolba, M. F., Wahab, S. A., and Salem, A. M.: 1977,Planetary Space Sci. 25, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M. L., Burlaga, L. F., and Matthaeus, W. H.: 1984,J. Geophys. Res. 89, 3747.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakamada, K. and Akasofu, S.-I.: 1981,J. Geophys. Res. 86, 1290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakamada, K. and Akasofu, S.-I.: 1982,Space Sci. Rev. 31, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashim, A. and Bercovitch, M.: 1972,Planetary Space Sci. 20, 791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatton, C. J.: 1980,Solar Phys. 66, 159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedgecock, P. C.: 1975,Solar Phys. 42, 492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoeksema, J. T., Wilcox, J. M., and Scherrer, P. H.: 1982,J. Geophys. Res. 87, 10371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hundhausen, A. J.: 1977, in J. B. Zirker (ed.),Coronal Holes and High Speed Streams, Colorado Associated Universities Press, Boulder, p. 225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hundhausen, A. J., Sime, D. J., Hansen, R. T., and Hansen, S. F.: 1980,Science 207, 761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ip, W. I., Fillius, W., Mogro-Compere, A., Gleeson, L. J., and Axford, W. I.: 1978,J. Geophys. Res. 83, 1633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isenberg, O. A. and Jokipii, J. R.: 1978,Astrophys. J. 219, 740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isenberg, P. A. and Jokipii, J. R.: 1979,Astrophys. J. 234, 746.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iucci, N. and Storini, M.: 1972,Nuovo Cimento 108, 325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iucci, N., Parisi, M., Storini, M., and Villoresi, G.: 1979a,Nuovo Cimento 2C, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iucci, N., Parisi, M., Storini, M., and Villoresi, G.: 1979b,Nuovo Cimento 2C, 421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iucci, N., Parisi, M., Storini, M., and Villoresi, G.: 1981,Proc. 17th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Paris 10, 238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iucci, N., Parisi, M., Storini, M., and Villoresi, G.: 1983,Nuovo Cimento 6C, 145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iucci, N., Parisi, M., Storini, M., and Villoresi, G.: 1984,Nuovo Cimento 7C, 467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iucci, N., Pinter, S., Paisi, M., Storini, M., and Villoresi, G.: 1986,Nuovo Cimento 9C, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J. R.: 1986, in R. G. Marsden (ed.),The Sun and the Heliosphere in Three Dimensions, Proc. XIXth Eslab Symp. Les Diablerets, Switzerland, June 4–6, 1985, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J. R. and Davila, J. M.: 1981,Astrophys. J. 248, 1156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J. R. and Kopriva, D. A.: 1979,Astrophys. J. 234, 384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J. R. and Kota, J.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2885.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J. R. and Levy, E. H.: 1977,Astrophys. J. 213, L85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J. R. and Thomas, B. T.: 1981,Astrophys. J. 243, 1115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokipii, J. R., Levy, E. H., and Hubbard, W. B.: 1977,Astrophys. J. 213, 861.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, F. C.: 1983,Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 21, 318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadokura, A. and Nishida, A.: 1986a,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadokura, A. and Nishida, A.: 1986b,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kananen, H., Komori, H., Tanskanen, P., and Oksman, J.: 1981,Proc. 17th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Paris 10, 190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, R. P.: 1974,J. Geophys. Res. 79, 1321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, R. P.: 1975,J. Geophys. Res. 80, 3509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, R. P.: 1977,J. Geophys. Res. 82, 561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanno, T., Ishida, Y., and Saito, T.: 1979,Proc. 16th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Kyoto 4, 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzman, J. and Venkatesan, D.: 1960,Can. J. Phys. 38, 1011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kayser, S. E.: 1985,J. Geophys. Res. 90, 3967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khor, H. P., Kwok, W. K., and Owens, A. J.: 1979,J. Geophys. Res. 84, 5272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, L. W. and Burlaga, L. F.: 1982,J. Geophys. Res. 87, 613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kota, J. and Jokipii, J. R.: 1982,Geophys. Res. Letters 9, 656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kota, J. and Jokipii, J. R.: 1983,Astrophys. J. 285, 573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kota, J. and Jokipii, J. R.: 1985,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 4, 453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krimigis, S. M. and Venkatesan, D.: 1969,J. Geophys. Res. 74, 4129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krimigis, S. M. and Venkatesan, D.: 1988,Astrophys. Space Sci. 144, 463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudo, S. and Wada, M.: 1977,Proc. 15th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Plovdiv 3, 158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., Yadav, R. S., and Agrawal, S. P.: 1981a,Proc. 17th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Paris 10, 226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., Yadav, R. S., and Agrawal, S. P.: 1981b,Proc. 17th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Paris 10, 242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., Dutt, S. C., Yadav, R. S., and Agrawal, S. P.: 1985,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanzerotti, L. J., Maclennan, C. G., Agrawal, S. P., and Venkatesan, D.: 1981,J. Geophys. Res. 86, 6951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M. A. and Fisk, L. A.: 1981,Astrophys. J. 248, 836.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, E. H.: 1976,J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2082.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, J. A.: 1960,J. Geophys. Res. 65, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, J. A.: 1971,Space Sd. Rev. 12, 658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, J. A. and Webber, W. R.: 1977,J. Geophys. Res. 82, 1906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, J. A. and Webber, W. R.: 1984,J. Geophys. Res. 89, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, J. A. and Webber, W. R.: 1985,J. Geophys. Res. 90, 11101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, J. A. and Webber, W. R.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 4, 87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, J. A., Webber, W. R., and Jokipii, J. R.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2851.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood, J. A., Webber, W. R., and Hoeksema, J. T.: 1988,J. Geophys. Res. 93, 7521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopate, C., McKibben, R. B., Pyle, K. R., and Simpson, J. A.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 3, 409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, T., Quenby, J. J., and Seas, J.: 1971,Nature 229, 246.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, F. B. and Lal, N.: 1986,Geophys. Res. Letters 13, 781.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, F. B., Lal, N., Trainer, J. H., Van Hollebeke, M. A. I., and Webber, W. R.: 1981,Astrophys. J. 249, L71.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, F. B., von Rosenvinge, T. T., Lal, N., Schuster, P., Trainer, J. H., and Van Hollebeke, M. A. I.:Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 193.

  • McDonald, F. B., von Rosenvinge, T. T., Lal, N., Trainer, J. H., and Schuster, P.: 1986,Geophys. Res. Letters 13, 785.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKibben, R. B.: 1986, in R. G. Marsden (ed.),The Sun and the Heliosphere in Three Dimensions, Proc. XIXth Eslab Symp., Les Diablerets, Switzerland, June 4–6, 1985, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 361.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKibben, R. B.: 1987,Rev. Geophys. 25, 711.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKibben, R. B., Pyle, K. R., and Simpson, J. A.: 1982,Astrophys. J. 254, L23.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKibben, R. B., Pyle, K. R., and Simpson, J. A.: 1983,Proc. 18th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Bangalore 3, 63.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKibben, R. B., Pyle, K. R., and Simpson, J. A.: 1985a,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 206.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKibben, R. B., Pyle, K. R., and Simpson, J. A.: 1985b,Astrophys. J. 289, L35.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKibben, R. B., Pyle, K. R., and Simpson, J. A.: 1985c,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mihalov, J. D.: 1985,J. Geophys. Res. 90, 209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morflll, G., Richter, A. K., and Scholer, M.: 1979,J. Geophys. Res. 84, 1505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morfill, G., Scholer, M., and Van Hollebeke, M. A. I.: 1980,J. Geophys. Res. 85, 2307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori, S., Yasue, S., and Ichinose, M.: 1971,Proc. 12th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Hobart,2, 673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, P.: 1954,Phys. Rev. 95, 641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, M. S. and Moraal, H.: 1986,Astrophys. J. 303, L78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munakata, K. and Nagashima, K.: 1979,Proc. 16th. Cosmic Ray Conf., Kyoto 3, 530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munakata, Y., Mori, S., Ryu, J. Y., Agrawal, S. P., and Venkatesan, D.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 4, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagashima, K. and Morishita, L.: 1980a,Planetary Space Sci. 28, 177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagashima, K. and Morishita, L.: 1980b,Planetary Space Sci. 28, 195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagashima, K., Fujii, Z., Fujimoto, K., Kondo, I., and Mori, S.: 1977,Proc. 15th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Plovdiv 4, 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, M. and Snyder, C. W.: 1966,J. Geophys. Res. 71, 4469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newkirk, G., Jr. and Fisk, J. A.: 1985,J. Geophys. Res. 90, 3391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newkirk, G., Jr. and Lockwood, J. A.: 1981,Geophys. Res. Letters 8, 619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newkirk, G., Jr., Asbridge, J., Lockwood, J. A., Garcia-Munoz, M., and Simpson, J. A.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A.: 1982,J. Geophys. Res. 87, 6003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishida, A.: 1983,J. Geophys. Res. 88, 785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otaola, J. A., Valdes-Galicia, J. F., Moussas, X.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 3, 376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens, A. J., Duggal, S. P., Pomerantz, M. A., and Tolba, M. F.: 1980,Astrophys. J. 236, 1012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1961,Astrophys. J. 133, 1014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1963,Interplanetary Dynamical Processes, Wiley Interscience, New York, U.S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1964,Planetary Space Sci. 12, 735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N.: 1965,Planetary Space Sci. 13, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, G. D.: 1978,J. Geophys. Res. 83, 2711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathak, S. P. and Agrawal, S. P.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 4, 129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perko, J. S.: 1987,J. Gephys. Res. 92, 8502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perko, J. S. and Burlaga, L. F.: 1987,J. Geophys. Res. 92, 6127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perko, J. S. and Fisk, L. A.: 1983,J. Geophys. Res. 88, 9033.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piddington, J. H.: 1958,Phys. Rev. 112, 589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz, M. A. and Duggal, S. P.: 1971,Space Sci. Rev. 12, 75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potgieter, M. S.: 1985,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potgieter, M. S. and Moraal, H.: 1985,Astrophys. J. 294, 425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potgieter, M. S. and le Roux, J. A.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 3, 291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potgieter, M. S., Burger, R. A., and le Roux, J. A.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 3, 295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyle, K. R., Simpson, J. A., Mihalov, J. D., and Wolfe, J. H.: 1979,Proc. 16th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Kyoto 5, 345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quenby; J. J.: 1984,Space Sci. Rev. 37, 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quenby, J. J. and Hashim, A.: 1969,Planetary Space Sci. 17, 1121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quenby, J. J. and Lietti, B.: 1968,Planetary Space Sci. 16, 1209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall, B. A. and Van Allen, J. A.: 1986,Geophys. Res. Letters 13, 628.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, U. R.: 1972,Space Sci. Rev. 12, 719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, U. R., Ananth, A. G., and Agrawal, S. P.: 1972,Planetary Space Sci. 20, 1799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riker, J. F. and Ahluwalia, H. S.: 1987,Planetary Space Sci. 35, 1117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roelof, E. C., Decker, R. B., and Krimigis, S. M.: 1983,J. Geophys. Res. 88, 9889.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito, T.: 1975,Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. 5,23, 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito, T. and Swinson, D. B.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandström, A. E.: 1965,Cosmic Ray Physics, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarabhai, V.: 1963,J. Geophys. Res. 68, 1555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarabhai, V. and Kane, S. P.: 1953,Phys. Rev. 90, 204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarabhai, V. and Nerurker, N. W.: 1956,Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 6, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sari, J. W., Venkatesan, D., Lanzerotti, J. J., and Maclennan, C. G.: 1978,J. Geophys. Res. 83, 5139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarris, E. T., Dodopoulos, C. A., and Venkatesan, D.: 1989,Solar Phys. 120, 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, M.: 1973,Astrophys. Space Sci. 24, 371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwenn, R., Montgomery, M. D., Rosenbauer, H., Miggenrieder, H., Mulhauser, K. H., Bame, S. J., Feldman, W. C., and Hansen, R. T.: 1978,J. Geophys. Res. 83, 1011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, G. N., Kaul, C. L., Razdan, H., and Bemalkhedkar, M. M.: 1978,J. Geophys. Res. 83, 3740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, M. A. and Smart, D. G.: 1981,Adv. Space Res. 1, 147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, M. A., Smart, D. F., Swinson, D. B., and Humble, J. E.: 1986, in R. G. Marsden (ed.),The Sun and the Heliosphere in Three Dimensions, Proc. XIXth Eslab Symp., Les Diablerets, Switzerland, June 4–6, 1985, D. Reidel Publ. Co. Dordrecht, Holland, p. 395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, J. P., Shukla, A. K., Singh, R. L., and Agrawal, S. P.: 1979,Ind. J. Radio Space Phys. 8, 230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith E. J.: 1985, in B. T. Tsurutani and R. G. Stone (eds.),Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere: Reviews of Current Resarch, Geophysical Monographs No. 35, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., p. 69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. J. and Thomas, B. T.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. J., Slavin, J. A., and Thomas, B. T.: 1986, in R. G. Marsden (ed.),The Sun and the Heliosphere in Three Dimensions, Proc. XIXth Eslab Symp., Les Diablerets, Switzerland, June 4–6, 1985, Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. J. and Tsurutani, B. T., and Rosenberg, R. L.: 1978,J. Geophys. Res. 83, 717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somogyi, A. J.: 1981,Proc. 17th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Paris 13, 219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, E. C.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 7, 105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, G.: 1971,Can J. Phys. 49, 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, G. and Sarabhai, V.: 1967,Astrophys. J. 149, 417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinson, D. B.: 1969,J. Geophys. Res. 74, 5591.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinson, D. B.: 1970,J. Geophys. Res. 75, 7303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinson, D. B.: 1983,Proc. 18th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Bangalore 10, 55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinson, D. B.: 1983,Proc. Int. Symp. on Cosmic Ray Modulation in the Heliosphere, Morioka, Japan, p. 83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinson, D. B.: 1988,J. Geophys. Res. 93, 5890.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinson, D. B. and Kananen, H.: 1982,J. Geophys. Res. 87, 1685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinson, D. B. and Saito, T.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 13675.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinson, D. B., Saito, T., and Mori, S.: 1981,J. Geophys. Res. 86, 8845.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swinson, D. B., Shea, M. A., and Humble, J. E.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thambyahpillai, T. and Elliot, H.: 1953,Nature 171, 918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, B. T. and Gall, R.: 1982,J. Geophys. Res. 87, 4542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, B. T. and Gall, R.: 1984,J. Geophys. Res. 89, 2991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, B. T., Goldstein, B. E., and Smith, E. J.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 2889.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, M. F. and Van Allen, J. A.: 1976,Astrophys. J. 206, 599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolba, M. F., Pomerantz, M. A., Duggal, S. P., and Owens, A. J.: 1981,Proc. 17th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Paris 4, 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Allen, J. A.: 1972,Astrophys. J. 177, L49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Allen, J. A.: 1976,Geophys. Res. Letters 3, 425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Allen, J. A.: 1979,Geophys. Res. Letters 6, 566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Allen, J. A.: 1980,Astrophys. J. 238, 763.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Allen, J. A.: 1989,Geophys. Res. Letters (in press).

  • Van Allen, J. A. and Decker, R. B.: 1988,Geophys. Res. Letters 15, 237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Allen, J. A. and Randall, B. A.: 1985,J. Geophys; Res. 90, 1399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D. 1959,J. Geophys. Res. 64, 505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vankatesan, D. 1985,Johns Hopkins University APL Technical Digest 6, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D. 1987,Phys. Scripta T18, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vankatesan, D., Agrawal, S. P., and Van Allen, J. A.: 1980a,J. Geophys. Res. 85, 1328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D., Agrawal, S. P., and Lanzerotti, L. J.: 1980b,J. Geophys. Res. 85, 6893.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D., Decker, R. B., and Krimigis, S. M.: 1983a,Proc. 18th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Bangalore 10, 156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D., Lanzerotti, L. J., and Agrawal, S. P.: 1983b,Proc. 18th Cosmic Ray Conf., Bangalore 3, 324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D., Decker, R. B., and Krimigis, S. M.: 1984a,J. Geophys. Res. 89, 3735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D., Decker, R. B., and Krimigis, S. M.: 1984b,Proc. Int. Symp. Cosmic Ray Modulation in Heliosphere, Morioka, Japan, p. 263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D., Decker, R. B., Krimigis, S. M., and Van Allen, J. A.: 1984c,Proc. Int. Symp. on Cosmic Ray Modulation in Heliosphere, Morioka, Japan, p. 279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D., Decker, R. B., Krimigis, S. M., and Van Allen, J. A.: 1985a,J. Geophys. Res. 90, 2905.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D., Decker, R. B., and Krimigis, S. M.: 1985b,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D., Decker, R. B., and Krimigis, S. M.: 1986, in R. G. Marsden (ed.),The Sun and the Heliosphere in Three Dimensions, Proc. XIXth Eslab Symposium, Les Diablerets, Switzerland, June 4–6, 1985, Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D. Decker, R. B., and Krimigis, S. M.: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 3, 385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, D., Shukla, A. K., and Agrawal, S. P.: 1982,Solar Phys. 81, 375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vershell, H. J., Mendall, R. B., Korff, S. A., and Roelof, E. C.: 1975,J. Geophys. Res. 80, 1189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, W. R. and Lockwood, J. A.: 1981,J. Geophys. Res. 86, 11458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, W. R. and Lockwood, J. A.: 1985,Proc. 19th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., La Jolla 5, 185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, W. R. and Lockwood, J. A.: 1986,Astrophys. J. 302, 511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, W. R. and Lockwood, J. A.: 1987,Astrophys. J. 317, 534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, W. R. and Lockwood, J. A.: 1988,J. Geophys. Res. 93, 8735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, W. R., Lockwood, J. A., and Jokipii, J. R.: 1986,J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, R. S. and Badruddin: 1983a,Ind. J. Radio Space Phys. 12, 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, R. S. and Badruddin: 1983b,Proc. 18th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Bangalore 3, 366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, R. S. and Rana, D. S.: 1983,Proc. 18th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Bangalore 10, 128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, R. S., Badruddin, and Kumar, S.: 1980,Ind. J. Radio Space Phys. 9, 155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, R. S., Badruddin, Yadav, N. R., and Agrawal, S. P.: 1983,Proc. 18 th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Bangalore 4, 227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, R. S., Yadav, N. R., and Badruddin: 1987,Proc. 20th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Moscow 4, 83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasue, S.: 1980,J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 32, 617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, Y., Ogita, N., Akasofu, S.-I., and Gleeson, L. J.: 1973,J. Geophys. Res. 78, 6409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, G. and Burlaga, L. F.: 1988,J. Gephys. Res. 93, 2511.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Badruddin

    Present address: Physics Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.), India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, The University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

    D. Venkatesan &  Badruddin

Authors
  1. D. Venkatesan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Badruddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Venkatesan, D., Badruddin Cosmic-ray intensity variations in the 3-dimensional heliosphere. Space Sci Rev 52, 121–194 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00704241

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00704241

Keywords

Search

Navigation