Summary
Platelet activating factor (PAF) is known to have a wide range of biological activities. In the lower airways PAF has been suggested as the biochemical mediator partly responsible for the bronchial hyperreactivity which is a feature of asthma. In order to study whether PAF has a similar effect in the upper airways, we carried out a double blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study in twelve patients with strictly seasonal allergic rhinitis. The study was performed in pollen-free winter months.
26 µg PAF or placebo was sprayed into each nasal cavity 8 h and 1 h before a nasal allergen challenge. The nasal response to PAF and the allergen challenge that followed was monitored by repeated measurements of nasal expiratory peak flow rate and symptom scores.
PAF induced only minor changes in nasal patency and nasal symptoms as compared to placebo. However, pretreatment with PAF induced an increase in responsiveness of the nasal vasculature to the allergen challenge that followed. This was registered as a small, but statistically significant increase in the symptom scores for nasal blockage, from 1.7 (0.3; SEM) after placebo pretreatment to 2.4 (0.36; SEM) after PAF (p<0.05). A similar trend was also noted for the measurements of nasal peak flow. The other response parameters, sneezes and secretion, remained identical.
These results suggest that PAF may play a role in human nasal hyperreactivity, but it appears that PAF is not a major mediator involved in the induction of this phenomenon.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andersson M, von Kogerer B, Andersson P, Pipkorn U (1987) Allergen-induced nasal hyperreactivity appears unrelated to the size of the nasal and dermal immediate allergic reaction. Allergy 42: 631–637
Andersson M, Pipkorn U (1988) Allergen-induced hyperreactivity is not a feature of dermal immediate allergic reactions — in contrast to reactions of airway mucosa. Clin Allergy 18: 189–196
Basran GS, Page CP, Paul W, Morely J (1983) Cromoglycate (DSCG) inhibits responses to platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) in man: an alternative mode of action for DSCG in asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 86: 143–144
Benhamon M, Ninio F, Salem P, Hieblat C, Bessan G, Pitton C, Lim F-T, Mencia-Huerta JM (1986) Decrease in IgE Fc expression on mouse bone marrow derived mast cells and inhibition of PAF-acether formation and beta-hexose aminidase release by dexamethasone. J Immol 136: 1385–1392
Benveniste J (1983) Platelet activating factor (PAF-acether) present status. Agents Action 11: 542–543
Benveniste J (1987) A role for PAF-acether (platelet activating factor) in bronchial hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 135: S2-S4
Benveniste J, Henson PM, Cochrane C (1972) Leukocyte dependent histamine release from rabbit platelets: The role of IgE basophils and platelet activatiang factor. J Exp Med 136: 1356–1377
Borum P (1979) Nasal methacholine test. A measurement of nasal reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 63: 253–257
Chignard M, Le Couedic JP, Andersson P, Brange C (1986) Use of steroidal antiinflammatory drugs provides further evidence for a potential role of PAF acether in bronchial anaphylaxis. Int Arch Allerg Appl Immunol 81: 184–185
Cockcroft DW (1983) Mechanism of perennial allergic asthma. Lancet 2: 253–256
Cockcroft DW, Ruflin RE, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE (1977) Allergen-induced increase in nonallergic bronchial reactivity. Clin Allergy 7: 503–513
Connell JT (1969) Quantitative intranasal pollen challenge III. The priming effect in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy 43: 33–38
Cuss FM, Dixon CMS, Barnes PJ (1986) Effects of inhaled platelet activating factor on pulmonary function and bronchial responsiveness in man. Lancet 2: 189–192
Frølund L, Madsen F, Mygind N, Nielsen NH, Svendsen UG, Weeke B (1987) Comparison between different techniques for measuring nasal patence in a group of unselected patients. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 104: 175–179
Gleeson MJ, Youlten LJF, Shelton DM, Siodlak MZ, Eiser NM, Wengraf CL (1986) Assessment of nasal airway patency: A comparison of four methods. Clin Otolaryngol 1: 99–107
Hargreave FE, Ryan G, Thomson NC, O'Byrne PM, Latimer K, Juniper EF, Dolovich J (1981) Bronchial responsiveness to histamine and methacholine in asthma; measurement and clinical significance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 68: 347–355
Karlsson G, Pipkorn U (1984) Effect of cromoglycate on changes in nasal airway resistance induced by platelet activating factor. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 27: 371–373
Morley J, Sanjar S, Page CP (1984) The platelet in asthma. Lancet 2: 1142–1144
Morley J, Page CP, Sanjar S (1985) PAF and airway hyperreactivity. Lancet 2: 451
Mygind N (1986) Essential allergy. Blackwell, Oxford London Edinburgh Boston Palo Alto Melbourne
Pipkorn U, Karlsson G, Bake B (1984) Effect of platelet activating factor on the human nasal mucosa. Allergy 39: 141–145
Pipkorn U, Bisgaard H, Wihl J-Å (1987a) Nasal provocation testing and lavage technique. In: Mygind N, Pipkorn U (eds) Allergic and vasomotor rhinitis: Pathophysiological aspects. Munksgaard, Copenhagen
Pipkorn U, Proud D, Schleimer RP, Peters SP, Adkinson NF, Kagey-Sobotka A, Norman PS, Lichtenstein LM, Naclerio RM (1987b) Effects of short-term systemic glucocorticoid treatment on human nasal mediator release after antigen challenge. J Clin Invest 80: 957–961
Pipkorn U, Proud D, Lichtenstein LM, Kagey-Sobotka A, Norman PS, Naclerio RM (1987c) Inhibition of mediator release in allergic rhinitis by pretreatment with topical glucocorticosteroids. N Engl J Med 316: 1506–1510
Ryan G, Latimer KM, Juniper EF, Roberts RS, Hargreave EF (1985) Effects of beclomethasone dipropionate on bronchial responsiveness to histamine in controlled nonsteroid-dependent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 75: 25–30
Shelton DM, Youlten LJF, Chan TB, Eisner NM (1985) A comparison of three methods of assessing nasal airway response to topical histamine. Thorax 40: 216
Taylor G, MacNeil AR, Freed DLJ (1973) Assessing degree of nasal patency by measuring peak expiratory flow rate through the nose. J Allergy Clin Immunol 52: 193–198
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Andersson, M., Pipkorn, U. The effect of platelet activating factor on nasal hypersensitivity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 35, 231–235 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00558258
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00558258