Abstract
This paper is concerned with the possibility of influencing the effects of chemically active environments on fracture processes in some controlled and predictable manner, such that their potentially detrimental effects on mechanical reliability are minimized, and their ability to facilitate fracture is utilized when this is desirable, as in materials removal processes. Phenomena such as stress-corrosion cracking, liquid metal embrittlement and chemomechanical effects are considered as they relate to the fracture behaviour of metals, ceramics, minerals, rocks, glasses, organic crystals and polymers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
O. Reynolds, Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. 13 (1874) 93.
J. C. Scully, “Theory of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Alloys”, (NATO, Brussels, 1971).
A. M. Joffe, M. W. Kirpitschewa and M. A. Lewinsky, Z. Physik, 22 (1924) 286.
A. R. C. Westwood, Ind. and Eng. Chem. 56 (1965) 14.
P. A. Rebinder, L. A. Schreiner and S. F. Zhigach, “Hardness Reducers in Rock Drilling” (Academy of Science, USSR, Moscow, 1944) C.S.I.R.O. (translation, Melbourne, 1948).
Photograph courtesy of E. J. King, Bell Aerosystems, Textron Co., Buffalo, N.Y.
A. R. C. Westwood, C. M. Preece and M. H. Kamdar, Trans. ASM 60 (1967) 723.
A. R. C. Westwood, D. L. Goldheim and E. N. Pugh, Acta Met. 13 (1965) 695.
N. V. Pertsov, E. A. Sinevich and E. D. Shchukin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 179 (1968) 633.
E.D. Shchukin, A.I. Soshko, O.A. Mikityuk and A.N. Tynnyi, Sov. Mat. Sci. 7 (1973) 160.
S. M. Wiederhorn, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 50 (1967) 407.
A. R. C. Westwood and R. M. Latanision, “Corrosion by Liquid Metals” (Plenum, New York, 1970) p. 405.
A. R. C. Westwood, C. M. Preece and M. H. Kamdar, “Fracture”, Vol. 3 (Academic Press, New York, 1971) p. 589.
W. Rostoker, J. M. McCaughey and H. Markus, “Embrittlement by Liquid Metals” (Reinhold, New York, 1960).
V. I. Likhtman, E. D. Shchukin and P. A. Rebinder, “Physico-chemical Mechanics of Metals” (Academy of Science, USSR, Moscow, 1962).
M. Hansen, “Constitution of Binary Alloys” (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958).
A. R. C. Westwood, “Strengthening Mechanisms — Metals and Ceramics” (Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse, 1966) p. 407.
Cited in P. A. Rebinder and E. D. Shchukin, Prog. Surface Sci. 3 (1972) 97.
C. M. Preece and A. R. C. Westwood, Trans. ASM 62 (1969) 418.
Idem, “Corrosion by Liquid Metals” (Plenum, New York, 1970) p. 441.
S. Mostovey and N. N. Breyer, Trans. ASM 61 (1968) 219.
E. D. Shchukin, Z. M. Polukarova, V. S. Yushchenko, L. S. Bruyukhanova and P. A. Rebinder, Sov. Phys. Doklady 17 (1973) 699.
A. V. Pertsov, U. V. Goryunov, N. V. Pertsov, E.D. Shchukin and P.A. Rebinder, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 172 (1967) 1137.
M. V. Hyatt and M. O. Speidel, in “Stress Corrosion Cracking in High Strength Steels and in Aluminum and Titanium Alloys” (edited by B. F. Brown) (US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972) p. 147.
B. F. Brown (ed.), “Stress Corrosion Cracking in High Strength Steels and in Aluminium and Titanium Alloys” (US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972).
J. A. S. Green and H. W. Hayden, “Hydrogen in Metals” (edited by J. M. Bernstein and A. W. Thompson) (Amer. Soc. Metals, Cleveland, 1973), p. 235.
J. A. S. Green and W. G. Montague, Martin Marietta Labs, unpublished work, January 1974.
S. Floreen, H. W. Hayden and N. Kenyon, Corrosion 27 (1971) 519.
B. W. Lifka and D. O. Sprowls, Paper presented at 26th Annual Conference of N.A.C.E., Philadelphia, Pa., March 1970.
G. Sandoz, in “Stress Corrosion Cracking in High Strength Steels and in Aluminum and Titanium Alloys” (edited by B. F. Brown) (US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972) p. 79.
A. J. Sedriks, J. A. S. Green and D. L. Novak, Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Corrosion, Tokyo, 1972, to be published.
B. F. Brown, C. T. Fujui and E. P. Dahlberg, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 218.
K. G. Kent, J. Inst. Met. 97 (1969) 127.
R. E. Curtis and P. T. Finden, Boeing Document D6-22997-1. The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington, July 1969.
A. J. Sedriks and J. A. S. Green, J. Metals 23 (1971) 48.
R. M. Latanision, K. C. Nielsen and R. Kirschbaum, Modern Machine Shop, February 1974.
J. O' M. Bockris, S. D. Argade and E. Gileadi, Electrochim. Acta 14 (1969) 1259.
A. Pfutzenreuter and G. Masing, Z. Metall. 42 (1951) 361.
I. R. Kramer, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 227 (1963) 1003.
V. I. Likhtman, L. A. Kochanova, D. I. Leykas and E. D. Shchukin, Electrokhimiya 5 (1969) 729.
R. M. Latanision and R. W. Staehle, Acta Met. 17 (1969) 307.
R. M. Latanision, H. Opperhauser and A. R. C. Westwood, “Science of Hardness Testing” (ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973) p. 432.
R. M. Latanision and H. Opperhauser, Met. Trans. 5 (1974) 483.
R. M. Latanision and K. C. Nielsen, Martin Marietta Labs, unpublished work, 1973.
W. H. Brattain, “Surface Chemistry of Metals and Semiconductors” (Wiley, New York, 1959) p. 90.
F. F. Volkenstein, “Electronic Theory of Catalysis on Semi-Conductors” (Pergamon, Oxford, 1963).
A. R. C. Westwood, D. L. Goldheim and E. N. Pugh, “Grain Boundaries and Surfaces in Ceramics” (Plenum, New York, 1966) p. 553.
Idem, Phil. Mag. 15 (1967) 105.
E. N. Pugh and A. R. C. Westwood, “Stress Corrosion Testing”, ASTM STP425 (1967) p. 228.
A. R. C. Westwood, “Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior” (Gordon and Breach, New York, 1966) p. 1.
D. A. Shockey and G. W. Groves, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 52 (1969) 82.
A. R. C. Westwood and R. M. Latanision, Proceedings of the ARPA Materials Summer Conference, Woods Hole, Mass. (1972) Vol. 2, p. 62.
P. A. Rebinder, private communication, Moscow, 1969.
P. Sennett and J. P. Oliver, “Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces” (Am. Chem. Soc., Washington D.C., 1965) p. 75.
A. R. C. Westwood and N. H. Macmillan, “Science of Hardness Testing” (ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973) p. 377.
R. W. Heins and N. Street, Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 5 (1965) 177.
A. R. C. Westwood, N. H. Macmillan and R. S. Kalyoncu, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 56 (1973) 258.
N. H. Macmillan and A. R. C. Westwood, “Surfaces and Interfaces of Glass and Ceramics” (Plenum, New York, 1974) in press.
A. R. C. Westwood, N. H. Macmillan and R. S. Kalyoncu, Trans. AIME (Mining) 256 (1974) 106.
N. H. Macmillan, R. D. Huntington and A. R. C. Westwood, Phil. Mag. 28 (1973) 923.
A. R. C. Westwood and R. D. Huntington, “Mechanical Behavior of Materials” (Soc. Matls. Sci., Japan, Tokyo, 1972) Vol. 4, p. 383.
S. M. Cox, Phys. Chem. Glasses 10 (1969) 226.
B. J. Wicks and M. H. Lewis, Phys. Stat. Sol. 6 (1971) 281.
A. R. C. Westwood, D. L. Goldheim and R. G. Lye, Phil. Mag. 17 (1968) 951.
F. J. P. Clarke, R. A. J. Sambell and H. G. Tattersall, Phil. Mag. 7 (1962) 393.
A. R. C. Westwood and D. L. Goldheim, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 53 (1970) 142.
A. R. C. Westwood, D. L. Goldheim and R. G. Lye, Phil. Mag. 16 (1967) 505.
A. R. C. Westwood and R. M. Latanision, “Science of Ceramic Machining and Finishing” (Nat. Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., 1972, SP 348, p. 141.
P. Somasundaran and G. E. Agar, J. Coll. and Interface Sci. 24 (1967) 433.
A. R. C. Westwood and N. H. Macmillan, Rept. to U.S.G.S. on Contract No. 14-08-0001-13077. Martin Marietta Labs, January 1973.
M. P. Plouviez, Proceedings of the Advisory Conference on Tunneling, O.E.C.D., Washington, D.C., 1970.
W. N. Lucke, Paper presented at the Symposium on the Underground Environment, Geol. Soc. of America, Washington, D.C., 1971.
W. E. Bruce and R. J. Morrell, “Deep Tunnels in Hard Rock” (U.S.E.P.A., Washington, D.C., 1970) p. 187.
N. H. Macmillan, R. E. Jackson and A. R. C. Westwood, Proceedings of the 15th IRSM Symposium on Rock Mechanics, September 1973, in press.
Quoted in Mosaic, a publication of the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., Fall 1973, p. 11.
R. E. Jackson, N. H. Macmillan and A. R. C. Westwood, Proceedings of the Third IRSM Conference, Denver, Colorado, September, 1974.
I. I. Kitaigorodski and L. N. Kopytov, Sov. Phys. Doklady 8 (1963) 308.
W. P. Berdennikov, Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 5 (1934) 358.
R. J. Charles and W. B. Hillig, Symposium on Mechanical Strength of Glass and Ways of Improving It. (Union Scientifique du Verre, Charleroi, 1962) p. 511.
D. M. Marsh, Proc. Roy. Soc. A279 (1964) 420.
K. R. Linger and D. G. Holloway, Phil. Mag. 18 (1968) 1269.
V. V. Panasyuk and S. E. Kovchik, Sov. Phys. Doklady 7 (1963) 835.
G. I. Barenblatt, Adv. Appl. Mech. 7 (1962) 55.
W. M. Mularie and A. R. C. Westwood, Report to ONR on Contract No. 00014-70-C-0330, Martin Marietta Labs, January 1974.
R. P. Kambour, J. Polymer Sci.: Macromolecular Reviews 7 (1973) 1.
A. G. Skvortsov, E. A. Sinevich, N. V. Pertsov, E. D. Shchukin and P. A. Rebinder, Sov.Phys. Doklady 15 (1971) 669.
E. A. Sinevich, N. V. Pertsov and E. D. Shchukin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 197 (1971) 1376.
R. B. Richards, Trans. Faraday Soc. 42 (1946) 10.
D. Maugis and G. Andarelli, J. Appl. Phys. 43 (1972) 4258.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This paper is the text of the Third Tewksbury Lecture on Fracture, delivered 4 June 1974, at the University of Melbourne, Australia.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Westwood, A.R.C. Tewksbury lecture: Control and application of environment-sensitive fracture processes. J Mater Sci 9, 1871–1895 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00541760
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00541760