Abstract
This paper reviews results of recent observations on the thermal belt, cold air drainage and cold air lake, which are striking in local climatic phenomena in mountain areas.
The height (A) of the warmer part, the thermal belt, of the mountain slopes changes with time from early evening, midnight to early morning and also seasonally and differs according to the velocity of the upper general wind and cloudiness, but is generalized by the height difference (H) between the bottom of the basin and the surrounding mountain ridges. Roughly speaking, A = (0.25–0.30) H.
On the mountain slopes, cold air flows down intermittently. The air temperature shows positive correlation to the wind speed of cold air drainage in the source region of cold air drainage. On the other hand, however, there is a negative correlation between the wind speed and air temperature in the drainage region at the lower part of the slope. Above the downslope cold air drainage, there is an anti-down-slope wind. The relatively large drainages are formed at frequencies corresponding to periods of oscillation of 1–2 hours and the smaller ones are of several minutes.
In the basin or valley bottom, cold air lakes are formed. They are well defined by a strong inversion in air temperature. In most cases, the stagnant air in the cold air lake flows down slowly in accordance with inclination of the basin or valley floor. Above the cold air lake, we find the neutral or weak inversion layer. In some periods the drained cold air flows into this layer from the side slopes of the mountains. However, the radiation cooling of the basin or valley floor seems to be more effective for the formation of the cold air lake. Above the neutral or weak inversion layer, there is a layer of the general wind caused by the synoptic scale circulation systems. Their effects are controlled by the surrounding topography as well as the basin or the valley itself.
In short, the structure of thermal belt, cold air drainage and cold air lake is a good example of the small-scale climatic processes under the influence of the synoptic scale phenomena and the one-order-greater scale topography.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aichele, H.: Kaltluftpulsationen. Met. Rdsch. 6, 53–54 (1953)
Ashwell, I.Y.: Air movements in the foothills of Finnish Lapland. Geogr. Ann. 45, 152–157 (1963)
Aulitzky, H.: Lage und Ausmaβ der “warmen Hangzone” in einem Quertal der Innenalpen. Ann. Met. 3, 159–165 (1967)
Barry, R.G.: Mountain weather and climate. Methuen, London, 313 p., 1981.
Baumgartner, A.: Die Lufttemperatur als Standortfaktor am Gr. Falkenstein. 1, Mitt. Forstw. Cbl. 79, 362–373; 2, Mitt. Forstw. Cbl. 80, 107–120; 3, Mitt. Forstw. Cbl. 81, 17–47 (1960, 1961, 1962)
Baumgartner, A.: Einfluβ des Geländes auf Lagerung und Bewegung der nächtlichen Kaltluft. In: Schnelle, F. (ed.), Frostschutz im Pflanzenbau. Bd. 1, pp. 151–194. BLV, München 1963.
Berg, H.: Kleinmeteorologische Messungen im Hohen Venn. Ztschr. Met. 5, 229–235 (1951)
Bergen, H.: Cold air drainage on a forested mountain slope. Jour. Appl. Met. 8, 6, 884–895 (1969)
Cibulková, H., Vitáskova, D., Prošek, P.: Minimální teploty v oblasti Rosicko-Oslavanska a jejich závislost na utváření reliefu Minimum temperature in the region of Rosice-Oslavany and their dependence on the shape of the relief). Scripta Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Purk. Brno 10, 5, 211–220 (1980)
Cox, H.J.: Thermal belts and fruit growing in North Carolina. Mon. Wea. Rev., Suppl. 19, 1–106 (1923)
Defant, A.: Der Abfluβ schwerer Luftmassen auf geneigtem Boden, nebst einigen Bemerkungen zur Theorie stationärer Luftströme. Sitz. Berichte Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Phys. Math. Klasse, 18, 624–635 (1933)
Defant, F.: Zur Theorie der Hangwinde, nebst Bemerkungen zur Theorie der Berg- und Talwinde. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. (A) 1, 3/4, 421–450 (1949)
Defant, F.: Local winds. Comp. Met., 655–672 (1951)
Doran, J.C., Horst, T.W.: Velocity and temperature oscillations in drainage winds. J. Appl. Met. 20, 361–364 (1981)
Dunbar, G.S.: Thermal belts in North Carolina. Geog. Rev. 56, 4, 516–526 (1966)
Faško, P., Litschmann, T., Prošek, P.: Die warme Hangzone im Südteil von Boskovická Brázda-Furche. Scripta Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Purk. Brno 11, 7/8, 283–300 (1981)
Fleagle, R.G.: A theory of air drainage. J. Met. 7, 227–232 (1950)
Flohn, H.: Local wind systems. In: Flohn, H. (ed.), General Climatology, World Survey of Climatology 2, pp. 139–171. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1979.
Geiger, R.: Das Klima der bodennahen Luftschicht. 4. Aufl., 646 p., Friedr. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1961.
Geiger, R.: The climate near the ground. 5. edn., 1–611 p., Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1965.
Henry, A.J.: Cox on thermal belts and fruit growing in North Carolina. Mon. Wea. Rev. 51, 199–207 (1923)
Kimura, H.: A micrometeorological study on small islands. Micrometeorological surveys at Hakatajima and Oshima. Met. Notes, Met. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ. Ser. 2, 22, 1–60, 1–140 (1961)
Kobayashi, M.: Measurement of thermal belt on the slope of Mt. Tsukuba through the thermal imagery interpretation. Tsukubano Kankyo Kenkyu 7, 180–185 (1979)
Kobayashi, S., Ishikawa, N.: Cold air flow on the snow surface. Low Temperature Sci., Ser. A, 41, 55–64 (1982)
Koch, H.G.: Die warme Hangzone. Neue Anschauungen zur nächtlichen Kaltluftschichtung in Tälern und an Hängen. Ztschr. Met. 15, 151–171 (1961)
Kondo, J., Yamazawa, H.: Nocturnal radiational cooling of the earth's surface with the snow-cover, and the extreme minimum air temperature over Japan. Tenki 30, 6, 295–302 (1983a)
Kondo, J. et al.: The nocturnal stable layer “cold air lake” formed in the basin. Tenki 30, 7, 327–334 (1983b)
Kudoh, T. et al.: Formation of cold air lake in Sugadaira basin. Geog. Rev. Japan 55, 12, 849–856 (1982)
Küttner, J.: Periodische Luftlawinen. Met. Rdsch. 2, 183–184 (1949)
Lawrence, E.N.: Nocturnal winds. Prof. Notes 111, 1–13 (1954)
Magono, Ch., Nakamura, Ch., Yoshida, Y.: Nocturnal cooling of the Moshiri Basin, Hokkaido in Midwinter. Jour. Met. Soc. Japan 60, 5, 1106–1116 (1982)
Manims, P.C., Sawford, B.L.: A model of katabatic winds. J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 619–630 (1979)
Mano, H.: Sudden increase of nocturnal temperature in valleys or basins. Jour. Met. Res. 5, 6, 525–545 (1953)
Mano, H.: A study on the sudden nocturnal temperature rise in the valley and the basin. Geoph. Mag. 27, 169–204 (1956)
Mattsson, J.O., Nordbeck, S.: Modelling cold air patterns. Lund Studies in Geography. Ser. A. Physical Geography 59, 119–129 (1981)
Nakamura, Ch., Magono, Ch.: The extremely low temperature in Hokkaido, Japan during 1976–77 winter and its numerical simulation. Jour. Met. Soc. Japan 60,4, 956–966 (1982)
Nakamura, K.: The nocturnal cold air drainage and distribution of air temperature on the gentle slope. Geogr. Rev. Japan 49, 380–387 (1976)
Nakamura, K.: Appearance and drainage areas of the cold air stream on the slope of Mt. Omatsu, Sugadaira, Central Japan. Geogr. Rev. Japan 51, 793–803 (1978)
Nakamura, K.: Radiative cooling and ground inversion on the slope of Mt. Omatsu, Sugadaira, Central Japan. Geogr. Rev. Japan 53, 758–768 (1980)
Obrebska-Starkel, B.: Über the thermische Temperaturschichtung in Bergtälern. Acta Climat. 9, 1–4, 33–47 (1970)
Petkovšek, Z., Hočevar, A.: Night drainage winds. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. (A) 20, 353–360 (1971)
Reiher, M.: Nächtlicher Kaltluftfluβ an Hindernissen. Biokl. Beibl. 3, 152–163 (1936)
Sahashi, K.: A simple theoretical treatment of the down-slope wind. Bull. School of Education, Okayama Univ., 40, 17–25 (1974)
Sato, M.: On the diurnal and seasonal change of temperature distribution on the southern slope of Mt. Tsukuba. In: Ichikawa, M. and Yoshino, M.M. (eds.), Change of heat and water balance due to the development of Tsukuba science city. 64–76 pp., Inst. Geosci., Univ. Tsukuba 1978.
Schnelle, F.: Kleinklimatische Geländeaufnahme am Beispiel der Frostschäden im Obstbau. Ber. Deutsch. Wetterd. US-Zone, 12, 99–104 (1950)
Streten, N.A. et al.: Some observations of the local wind regime on an Alaskan arctic glacier. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. (B) 22, 337–350 (1974)
Szás, G.: Bestimmung der nächtlichen Mikroadvektion durch Ausstrahlungsmessungen in der bodennahen Luftschicht. Ang. Met. 5, 1/2, 7–12 (1964)
Thyer, N.H.: Theoretical study of cross-valley wind circulation. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. (A) 25, 1–18 (1966)
Toritani, H.: Some characteristics of the cold air drainage and the cold air lake at the Sugadaira Basin. M.S. Thesis, Institute of Geosci., University of Tsukuba, 93 p., 1983.
Tyson, P.D.: Velocity fluctuations in the mountain wind. J. Atmos. Sci. 25, 381–384 (1968)
Vorontsov, P.A.: Aerologicheskie issledovaniia pogranichnogo sloia atmosferi nad kelkosopochnim relieform zelinnik. Trudy GGO 73, 61–86 (1958)
Vorontsov, P.A.: Aerologicheskikh issledovaniia pogranichnogo sloia atmosfery. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 451 p., 1960.
Wagner, A.: Theorie und Beobachtungen der periodischen Gebirgswinde. Beitr. Geoph. 52, 408–449 (1938)
Wagner, R.: Kalte Luftseen in den Dolinen. Acta Climat. 9, 1/4, 23–32 (1970)
Weise, A.: Zum Auftreten der “Warmen Hangzone” im Tiefland der DDR. Ztschr. Met. 28, 5, 281–284 (1978)
Weise, A.: Beobachtungen zur Bewegung der nächtlichen Kaltluft im Havelgebiet westlich von Werder. Naturschutzarbeit in Berlin und Bradenburg 18, 1, 13–20 (1982)
Yoshino, M.M.: Shokiko (Local climate). Chijin-shokan, Tokyo, 274 p., 1961.
Yoshino, M.M.: Climate in a small area. Univ. Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 549 p., 1975.
Yoshino, M.M.: Research on damage due to cold air drainage from the view point of local climatology. Saigai-no-Kenkyu 11, 124–135 (1980)
Yoshino, M.M., Tanaka, M., Nakamura, K.: Formation of the cold air lake and its effects on the agriculture. Jour. Natural Disaster Sci. 3, 2, 1–14 (1981)
Yoshino, M.M.: Extremely low air temperature and development of inversion layer in the Tsukuba Region. Bull. ERC, Univ. Tsukuba, 6, 35–44 (1982)
Young, F.D.: Nocturnal temperature inversions in Oregon and California. Mon. Wea. Rev. 49, 138–148 (1921)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yoshino, M.M. Thermal belt and cold air drainage on the mountain slope and cold air lake in the basin at quiet, clear night. GeoJournal 8, 235–250 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00446473
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00446473