Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Photo-electron spectra of solid samples

Photoelektronenspektren fester Proben

  • Original Papers
  • Published:
Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die halbquantitative Analyse (relativer Mengen aller Elemente außer Wasserstoff) und die Bedingungen zum Nachweis nicht-äquivalenter Atome eines Elements werden diskutiert, wobei eine Beschränkung auf die äußersten 5–10 Atomschichten der Oberfläche erfolgt. Neuere Entwicklungen im Verständnis der chemischen Verschiebungen, der Ursprung von Satellitensignalen, die Korrektur für den Ladungseffekt, Augerspektren nichtleitender Proben sowie spezifische Anwendungsmöglichkeiten auf Metall-Legierungen und Katalysatoren werden besprochen.

Summary

The semi-quantitative analysis (of relative quantities of all elements except hydrogen) and the conditions for detecting non-equivalent atoms of a given element are discussed, with emphasis on the restriction to the outermost 5–10 atomic layers of the surface. Recent developments in our understanding of chemical shifts, the origin of satellite signals, the correction for the charging effect, Auger spectra of non-conducting samples and specific applications to metallic alloys and catalysts are reviewed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bünzli, J. C. G.: Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 273, 359 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Betteridge, D.: Anal. Chem. 44, 100 R (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Betteridge, D., Williams, M. A.: Anal. Chem. 46, 125 R (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Baker, A. D., Brisk, M. A., Liotto, D. C.: Anal. Chem. 48, 281 R (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hercules, D. M.: Anal. Chem. 44, 106 R (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hercules, D. M., Carver, J. C.: Anal. Chem. 46, 133 R (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hercules, D. M.: Anal. Chem. 48, 294 R (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Wagner, C. D.: Anal. Chem. 44, 1050 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Jørgensen, C. K., Berthou, H.: Discuss. Faraday Soc. 54, 269 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Berthou, H., Jørgensen, C. K.: Anal. Chem. 47, 482 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bremser, W.: Topics in Current Chemistry 36, 1 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Jørgensen, C. K.: Structure and Bonding 24, 1 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Leckey, R. C. G.: Phys. Rev. A 13, 1043 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ng, T. K., Hercules, D. M.: J. Electron Spectr. 7, 257 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Jørgensen, C. K.: Chimia (Aarau) 29, 53 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hagström, S., Nordling, C., Siegbahn, K.: Z. Physik 178, 439 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Stelling, O.: Z. Physik 50, 506 (1928)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Faessler, A.: Angew. Chem. 84, 51 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Jørgensen, C. K.: Orbitals in atoms and molecules. London: Academic Press 1962

    Google Scholar 

  20. Jørgensen, C. K., Berthou, H.: Mat. fys. Medd. Danske Vidensk. Selskab 38, no. 15 (1972)

  21. Hendrickson, D. N., Hollander, J. M., Jolly, W. L.: Inorg. Chem. 8, 2642 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Finn, P., Pearson, R. K., Hollander, J. M., Jolly, W. L.: Inorg. Chem. 10, 378 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Fitzky, H. G., Wendisch, D., Holm, R.: Angew. Chem. 84, 1037 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Cox, L. F., Jack, J. J., Hercules, D. M.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94, 6575 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Haselbach, E., Henriksson, A., Schmelzer, A., Berthou, H.: Helv. Chim. Acta 56, 705 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fadley, C. S., Hagström, S. B. M., Klein, M. P., Shirley, D. A.: J. Chem. Phys. 48, 3779 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Jørgensen, C. K.: Structure and Bonding 13, 199 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Jørgensen, C. K.: Chimia (Zürich) 30, 490 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Jørgensen, C. K.: Helv. Chim. Acta Fasc. extraord. Alfred Werner, p. 131 (1967)

  30. Jørgensen, C. K.: Oxidation numbers and oxidation states. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1969

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kramer, L. N., Klein, M. P.: Chem. Phys. Letters 8, 183 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Stucky, G. D., Matthews, D. A., Hedman, J., Klasson, M., Nordling, C.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 94, 8009 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Jolly, W. L., Perry, W. B.: Inorg. Chem. 13, 2686 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Jørgensen, C. K., Berthou, H.: Chem. Phys. Letters 36, 432 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Jørgensen, C. K.: Topics in Current Chemistry 56, 1 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Jørgensen, C. K.: Advances Quantum Chem. 8, 137 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Citrin, P. H., Hamann, D. R.: Phys. Rev. B 10, 4948 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Svensson, S., Mårtensson, N., Basilier, E., Malmqvist, P. Å., Gelius, U., Siegbahn, K.: J. Electron Spectr. 9, 51 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Watson, R. E., Perlman, M. L., Herbst, J. F.: Phys. Rev. B 13, 2358 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fadley, C. S., Shirley, D. A.: Phys. Rev. A 2, 1109 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Citrin, P. H., Thomas, T. D.: J. Chem. Phys. 57, 4446 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Evans, S.: Chem. Phys. Letters 23, 134 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Reisfeld, R., Jørgensen, C. K., Bornstein, A., Berthou, H.: Chimia (Zürich) 30, 451 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bremser, W., Linnemann, F.: Chemiker-Z. (Heidelberg) 95, 1011 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Jørgensen, C. K., Berthou, H.: J. Fluorine Chem. 2, 425 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Jørgensen, C. K., Berthou, H.: Chem. Phys. Letters 31, 416 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ginnard, C. R., Riggs, W. M.: Anal. Chem. 44, 1310 (1972) and 46, 1306 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Carrière, B., Deville, J. P., Brion, D., Escard, J.: J. Electron Spectr. 10, 85 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Siegbahn, K., Nordling, C., Johansson, G., Hedman, J., Hedén, P. F., Hamrin, K., Gelius, U., Bergmark, T., Werme, L. O., Manne, R., Baer, Y.: ESCA applied to free molecules. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. 1969

    Google Scholar 

  50. Cox, P. A., Baer, Y., Jørgensen, C. K.: Chem. Phys. Letters 22, 433 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Jørgensen, C. K.: In: Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, Hauptband 39 „Seltene Erden“, Teil B, Lieferung 1, p. 17 (1976)

  52. Campagna, M., Bucher, E., Wertheim, G. K., Buchanan, D. N. E., Longinotti, L. D.: Proceed. 11. Rare Earth Conference (Traverse City, Michigan, 1974), p. 810

  53. Cox, P. A.: Structure and Bonding 24, 59 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Campagna, M., Wertheim, G. K., Bucher, E.: Structure and Bonding 30, 99 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Jørgensen, C. K.: Structure and Bonding 22, 49 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Ferreira, R.: Structure and Bonding 31, 1 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Jørgensen, C. K., Pappalardo, R., Schmidtke, H. H.: J. Chem. Phys. 39, 1422 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  58. Reisfeld, R., Jørgensen, C. K.: Lasers and excited states of rare earths. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1977

    Google Scholar 

  59. Linares, C., Louat, A., Blanchard, M.: Structure and Bonding

  60. Jørgensen, C. K.: Modern aspects of ligand field theory. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. 1971

    Google Scholar 

  61. Cohen, R. L., Wertheim, G. K., Rosencwaig, A., Guggenheim, H. J.: Phys. Rev. B 5, 1037 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  62. Bonnelle, C., Karnatak, R., Jørgensen, C. K.: Chem. Phys. Letters 14, 145 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kowalczyk, S. P., Ley, L., Martin, R. L., McFeely, F. R., Shirley, D. A.: Discuss. Faraday Soc. 60, 7 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lang, W. C. Padalia, B. D., Watson, L. M., Fabian, D. J., Norris, P. R.: Discuss. Faraday Soc. 60, 37 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Gupta, R. P., Sen, R. K.: Phys. Rev. B 12, 15 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Asada, S., Satoko, C., Sugano, S.: J. Phys. Soc. Japan 38, 855 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Spector, N., Bonnelle, C., Dufour, G., Jørgensen, C. K., Berthou, H.: Chem. Phys. Letters 41, 199 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Manne, R., Åberg, T.: Chem. Phys. Letters 7, 282 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ikemoto, I., Ishii, K., Kinoshita, S., Fujikawa, T., Kuroda, H.: Chem. Phys. Letters 38, 467 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Wertheim, G. K., Cohen, R. L., Rosencwaig, A., Guggenheim, H. J.: In: Electron spectroscopy (ed. D. A. Shirley), p. 813. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. 1972

    Google Scholar 

  71. Jørgensen, C. K., Berthou, H.: Chem. Phys. Letters 13, 186 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Berthou, H., Jørgensen, C. K., Bonnelle, C.: Chem. Phys. Letters 38, 199 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Jørgensen, C. K.: Progress Inorg. Chem. 12, 101 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Weber, J., Berthou, H., Jørgensen, C. K.: Chem. Phys. Letters 45, 1 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  75. Kim, K. S., Winograd, N.: Chem. Phys. Letters 31, 312 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  76. Sen, S. K., Riga, J., Verbist, J.: Chem. Phys. Letters 39, 560 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Frost, D. C., McDowell, C. A., Wallbank, B.: Chem. Phys. Letters 40, 189 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  78. Keller, C., Jørgensen, C. K.: Chem. Phys. Letters 32, 397 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Jørgensen, C. K.: Structure and Bonding 30, 141 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  80. Vernon, G. A., Stucky, G., Carlson, T. A.: Inorg. Chem. 15, 278 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  81. Hamnett, A.: Discuss. Faraday Soc. 54, 251 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Oku, M., Hirokawa, K.: J. Electron Spectr. 10, 103 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  83. Helmer, J. C.: J. Electron Spectr. 1, 259 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Allen, G. C., Tucker, P. M.: Inorg. Chim. Acta 16, 41 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  85. Jørgensen, C. K.: Theoret. Chim. Acta 24, 241 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  86. Wagner, C. D.: Anal. Chem. 44, 967 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  87. Berthou, H., Jørgensen, C. K.: J. Electron Spectr. 5, 935 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  88. Wagner, C. D.: Discuss. Faraday Soc. 60, 291 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  89. Wagner, C. D.: J. Electron Spectr. 10, 305 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  90. Jørgensen, C. K., Berthou, H.: Chem. Phys. Letters 25, 21 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  91. Reisfeld, R., Bornstein, A., Berthou, H., Jørgensen, C. K.: Chimia (Zürich) 31, 12 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  92. Castle, J. E.: Nature, Physical Science 234, 93 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Flodström, S. A., Bachrach, R. Z., Bauer, R. S., Hagström, S. B. M.: Phys. Rev. Letters 37, 1282 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Pitton, O., Jørgensen, C. K., Berthou, H.: Chem. Phys. Letters 40, 357 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  95. Augustynski, J., Berthou, H., Painot, J.: Chem Phys. Letters 44, 221 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  96. Pitton, O., Jørgensen, C. K., Berthou, H.: Chimia (Zürich) 30, 540 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  97. Escard, J., Mavel, G., Guerchais, J. E., Kergoat, R.: Inorg. Chem. 13, 695 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  98. Joyner, R. W., Roberts, M. W.: Chem. Phys. Letters 28, 246 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  99. Haber, J., Stoch, J., Ungier, L.: J. Electron Spectr. 9, 456 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Nefedov, V. I., Sergushin, N. P., Salyn, J. V.: J. Electron Spectr. 8, 81 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  101. Haber, J.: Z. Chem. (Leipzig) 16, 421 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  102. Baird, R. J., Fadley, C. S., Kawamoto, S. K., Mehta, M., Alvarez, R., Silva, J. A.: Anal. Chem. 48, 843 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  103. Clark, D. T., Kilcast, D., Musgrave, W. K. R.: Chem. Comm. (London) 516 (1971)

  104. Clark, D. T., Adams, D. B.: Chem. Comm. (London) 740 (1971)

  105. Balsenc, L., Berthou, H., Jørgensen, C. K.: Chimia (Aarau) 29, 64 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  106. Seals, R. D., Alexander, R., Taylor, L. T., Dillard, J. G.: Inorg. Chem. 12, 2485 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  107. Brundle, C. R., Roberts, M. W.: Chem. Phys. Letters 18, 380 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  108. Berthou, H., Jørgensen, C. K.: J. Microscopie et Spectroscopie Électronique (Paris) 2, 135 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  109. Hüfner, S., Wertheim, G. K., Wernick, J. H.: Phys. Rev. B 8, 4511 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  110. Kowalczyk, S. P., Pollack, R. A., McFeely, F. R., Ley, L., Shirley, D. A.: Phys. Rev. B 8, 2387 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  111. Watson, R. E., Perlman, M. L.: Structure and Bonding 24, 83 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  112. Honig, J. M., Van Zandt, L. L., Board, R. D., Weaver, H. E.: Phys. Rev. B6, 1323 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  113. Nagel, S. R., Fischer, G. B., Tauc, J., Bagley, B. G.: Phys. Rev. B 13, 3284 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  114. Hüfner, S., Wertheim, G. K., Buchanan, D. N. E.: Chem. Phys. Letters 24, 527 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  115. Escard, J., Brun, D.: Compt. Rend. (Paris) B 276, 945 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  116. Reisfeld, R., Jørgensen, C. K., Berthou, H.: Chimia (Zürich) 30, 202 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  117. Mavel, G., Escard, J., Costa, P., Castaing, J.: Surface Science 35, 109 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  118. Jørgensen, C. K.: Chimia (Aarau) 25, 213 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  119. Biloen, P., Prins, R.: Chem. Phys. Letters 16, 611 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  120. Cox, L. E., Hercules, D. M.: J. Electron Spectr. 1, 193 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  121. Hamer, A. D., Walton, R. A.: Inorg. Chem. 13, 1446 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  122. Citrin, P. H.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 95, 6472 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  123. Burroughs, P., Hamnett, A., Orchard, A. F.: J. Chem. Soc. Dalton 565 (1974)

  124. Carlson, T. A., McGuire, G. E.: J. Electron Spectr. 1, 161 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  125. DeAngelis, B. A., Schiavello, M.: Chem. Phys. Letters 38, 155 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  126. Wertheim, G. K., Campagna, M., Chazalviel, J. N., Shanks, H. R.: Chem. Phys. Letters 44, 50 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  127. Colton, R. J., Rabalais, J. W.: Inorg. Chem. 15, 236 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  128. Webman, I., Jortner, J., Cohen, M. H.: Phys. Rev. B 13, 713 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  129. Hollinger, G., Tran Minh Duc, Deneuville, A.: Phys. Rev. Letters 37, 1564 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  130. Delgass, W. N., Hughes, T. R., Fadley, C. S.: Catalysis Reviews 4, 179 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  131. Brinen, J. S.: Accounts Chem. Res. 9, 86 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  132. Atkinson, S. J., Brundle, C. R., Roberts, M. W.: Discuss. Faraday Soc. 58, 62 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  133. Bradshaw, A. M., Cederbaum, L. S., Domcke, W.: Structure and Bonding 24, 133 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  134. Clarke, T. A., Gay, I. D., Law, B., Mason, R.: Discuss. Faraday Soc. 60, 119 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  135. Escard, J., Leclère, C., Contour, J. P.: Compt. Rend. (Paris) C 274, 1645 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  136. Hercules, D. M., Cox, L. E., Onisick, S., Nichols, G. D., Carver, J. C.: Anal. Chem. 45, 1973 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  137. Moses, P. R., Wier, L., Murray, R. W.: Anal. Chem. 47, 1882 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  138. Czuha, M., Riggs, W. M.: Anal. Chem. 47, 1836 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  139. Brinen, J. S., McClure, J. E.: J. Electron Spetr. 4, 243 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  140. Davis, R. E., Rousseau, D. L., Board, R. D.: Science 171, 167 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  141. Nefedov, V. I., Salyn, Y. V., Leonhardt, G., Scheibe, R.: J. Electron Spectr. 10, 121 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  142. Krause, M. O.: Chem. Phys. Letters 10, 65 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  143. Banna, M. S., Shirley, D. A.: J. Chem. Phys. 63, 4759 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  144. Ishii, T., Kono, S., Suzuki, S., Nagakura, I., Sagawa, T., Kato, R., Watanabe, M., Sato, S.: Phys. Rev. B 12, 4320 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  145. Grobman, W. D., Eastman, D. E., Freeouf, J. L.: Phys. Rev. B 12, 4405 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  146. Eastman, D. E., Freeouf, J. L.: Phys. Rev. Letters 34, 395 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  147. Eastman, D. E., Kuznietz, M.: J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1396 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de Chimie minérale, analytique et appliquée, Université de Genève, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Suisse

    Chr. Klixbüll Jørgensen

Authors
  1. Chr. Klixbüll Jørgensen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jørgensen, C.K. Photo-electron spectra of solid samples. Z. Anal. Chem. 288, 161–170 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00439465

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00439465

Key words

Search

Navigation