Summary
Sixteen young adults were investigated before, immediately after and 24 h after swimming 5,200±618 m in 90 min. Mean pulse rate at the end of exercise was 151.3 min−1; skin and rectal temperature both slightly increased. Except for a marked leukocytosis, no changes were observed in other blood parameters (hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocytes). Serum enzyme activities showed (except for triosephosphate dehydrogenase) marked increases which in the case of creatine kinase and of malate dehydrogenase did not return to preexercise level on the next day. No hypoglycemia occurred in any of the subjects. Blood lactate increased to 4.2 mmol/l at the 15th min of exercise and at the end was still slightly above the resting value. Free fatty acids, free glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate, serum urea and uric acid rose markedly after swimming, whereas α-amino nitrogen, triglycerides, and serum magnesium significantly decreased.
The electrical excitability of the two investigated muscles (M. vastus med. quadr. and M. deltoides) showed opposite changes, which was ascribed to their different involvement during swimming.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adrian MJ, Singh M, Karpovich PV (1966) Energy cost of leg kick, arm troke, and whole crawl stroke. J Appl Physiol 21: 1763–1766
Berg A, Haralambie G (1978) Changes in serum creatine kinase and hexose phosphate isomerase activity with exercise duration. Eur J Appl Physiol 39: 191–201
Bergmeyer HU (1974) Methoden der enzymatischen Analyse, 3. Aufl. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim
Beutler E (1975) Red cell metabolism. A manul of biochemical methods, 2nd ed. Grune & Stratton, New York
Cazaux Y (1976) Modifications des bilans électrolytiques et enzymatiques au cours de l'entraÎnement de natation chez des nageurs de compétitions. Thèse Médécine, Nr 454. Toulouse
Cerny FJ, Haralambie G (1975) Exercise intensity vs. duration as related to loss of muscle enzymes into serum. Abstr. 22nd Annual Meeting, Am. College of Sports. Med. Med Sci Sports 7: 65
Corbett JL, Johnson RH, Krebs HA, Walton JL, Williamson DH (1969) The effect of exercise on blood ketone body concentrations in athletes and untrained subjects. J Physiol 201: 83–84
Costill DL (1970) Metabolic responses during distance running. J Appl Physiol 28: 251
Dobrev D, Stefanova D, Georgiev C, Boitschev K (1969) VerÄnderungen des Gasaustausches und der biochemischen Blut- und Harnzusammensetzung von Teilnehmern am Marathonschwimmen über 30 km. Med Sport 9: 276–279
Eriksson B, Furberg B (1978) Swimming medicine, vol IV. University Park Press, Baltimore
Gandelsman AB (1973) Blutsystem und MuskeltÄtigkeit. In: Sportphysiologie. VEB Volk und Wissen, Berlin
Haralambie G (1973) Neuromuscular irritability and serum creatine phosphate kinase in athletes in training. Int Z Angew Physiol 31: 279–288
Haralambie G, Berg A (1976) Serum urea and amino nitrogen changes with exercise duration. Eur J Appl Physiol 36: 39–48
Haralambie G, Keul J, Theumert F (1976) Protein-, Eisen- und Kupfer-VerÄnderungen im Serum bei Schwimmern vor und nach Höhentraining. Eur J Appl Physiol 35: 21–31
Haralambie G (1978) Elektrolythaushalt und körperliche Belastung, II. Calcium. Sport Aktiv 2: 3–8
Haralambie G (1978) StoffwechselverÄnderungen nach langdauernder körperlicher Belastung beim Menschen. Wiss. Abt. Fresenius KG, Bad Homburg
Haralambie G (1979) Biochemische BlutbildverÄnderungen nach einem 3000 m-Wettschwimmen. Leistungssport 9: 53–56
Haralambie G (1979) Magnesiumstoffwechsel bei körperlicher Belastung. Krankenhausarzt 52: 293–299
Hollmann W, Liesen H (1973) über die Bewertbarkeit des Lactats in der Leistungsdiagnostik. Sportarzt Sportmed 8: 175
Holmer J (1972) Oxygen uptake during swimming in man. J Appl Physiol 33: 502–509
Holmer J (1974) Energy cost of arm stroke, leg kick, and the whole stroke in competive swimming styles. Eur J Appl Physiol 33: 105–118
Houston ME (1978) Metabolic responses to exercise, with special reference to training and competition in swimming. In: Eriksson B, Furberg B (eds) Swimming medicine, vol IV. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 207–232
Jakowlew NN (1977) Sportbiochemie. Barth, Leipzig
Keul J, Haralambie G, Arnold T, Schumann W (1974) Heart rate and energy-yielding substrates in blood during longlasting running. Eur J Appl Physiol 32: 279–289
Keul J, Haralambie G, Bruder M, Gottstein H-J (1978) The effect of weight lifting exercise on heart rate and metabolism in experienced weight lifters. Med Sci Sports 10: 13–15
Krestownikow AN (1953) Physiologie der Körperübungen. VEB Volk und Gesundheit, Berlin
Laborit H, Coirault R, Guiot G (1957) L'excitabilité neuromusculaire. Signification physiologique et clinique. Presse Méd 65: 571–573
Lang H, Würzburg U (1976) Pers. Comm.
Lorentz K (1967) Mechanismus und SpezifitÄt der Indophenolreaktion zur Ammoniakbestimmung. Z Klin Chem Klin Biochem 5: 291–298
Mahler JL (1970) A new bacterial uricase for uric acid determination. Anal Biochem 38: 65–84
Maughan RH, Williams C, Campbell DM, Hepburn D (1978) Fat and carbohydrate metabolism during low intensity exercise: Effects of the availability of muscle glycogen. Eur J Appl Physiol 39: 7–16
Neumann G, Baasch G, Lorenz G, Schuster HG, Senger H, Hotz G, Taubmann W, Kaiser R, Scharschmidt F (1968) Untersuchung von Kreislauf- und Stoffwechselparametern wÄhrend und nach einer einstündigen Belastung mit einem Rennrad auf einem gebremsten Rollrad (Home-Trainer). Wiss Z DHfK (Leipzig) 10: 50–80
Oester YT, Licht S (1971) Routine electrodiagnosis. In: Licht S (ed) Electrodiagnosis and electromyography. Waverly-Press, Baltimore, pp 201–217
Rapp RD (1963) Determination of serum amino acids. Clin Chem 9: 27–30
Rennie MJ, Johnson RH (1974) Effects of an exercise diet program on metabolic changes with exercise in runners. J Appl Physiol 37: 821–825
Rennie MJ, Winder WW, Holloszy JO (1976) A sparing effect of increased plasma fatty acids on muscle and liver glycogen content in the exercising rat. Biochem J 156: 647–655
Richterich R (1968) Klinische Chemie. Theorie und Praxis, 2. Aufl. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Frankfurt
Rougier G, Babin R, Babin J-P (1966) Modifications intéressant le Potassium sérique lors de compétitions sportives. Méd Educ Phys Sport 40: 35–39
Rougier G, Babin JP (1975) A blood and urine study of heavy muscular work on ureic and uric metabolism in man. J Sports Med 15: 212–222
Salminen S, Konttinen A (1963) Effect of exercise on Na and K concentrations in human saliva and serum. J Appl Physiol 18: 812–814
Schwartz MK, Bethune VG, Bach DL, Woodbridge JE (1971) New assay for measuring phosphohexose isomerase activity. Clin Chem 17: 656–657
Szasz G, Gruber W, Bernt E (1976) Creatine kinase in serum. I. Determination of optimum reaction conditions. Clin Chem 22: 650–656
White J, Flashka H (1973) An automated procedure with use of ferrozine for assay of serum iron and total iron-binding capacity. Clin Chem 19: 526–528
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Haralambie, G., Senser, L. Metabolic changes in man during long-distance swimming. Europ. J. Appl. Physiol. 43, 115–125 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00422442
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00422442